| L2 proficiency | L1 background | Agentless bei-sentence | Notional passive | Active sentence |
| Elementary | EN(11) | 3.10 (0.59) | 3.82 (0.49) | 4.66 (0.30) |
| JA(12) | 3.00 (0.48) | 4.04 (0.69) | 4.50 (0.32) | |
| Post-elementary | EN(13) | 3.20 (0.94) | 4.09 (0.32) | 4.58 (0.54) |
| JA(10) | 3.21 (1.22) | 3.91 (0.57) | 4.44 (0.60) | |
| Intermediate | EN(13) | 2.71 (.85) | 3.92 (0.56) | 4.89 (0.22) |
| JA(13) | 2.79 (.35) | 3.98 (0.55) | 4.70 (0.38) | |
| Advanced | EN(9) | 3.69 (.90) | 4.42 (0.87) | 4.92 (0.17) |
|
| JA(9) | 3.51 (.61) | 4.57 (0.32) | 4.87 (0.22) |
| \ | CH(20) | 4.81 (.30) | 4.79 (0.29) | 4.98 (0.06) |