Material types of wood specimens | Shear modulus (GPa) (test#1/test#2/test#3/test#4) | Forward (+) and backward (−) torque directions (test#1/test#2/test#3/test#4) | Average shear modulus values (GPa) | Standard deviation |
Pine (tube) | 0.29/0.46/0.27/0.32 | −/−/+/+ | 0.34 | 0.085 |
Pine (solid) | 0.35/0.46/0.27/0.32 | −/−/+/+ | 0.35 | 0.080 |
Hornbeam (tube) | 0.46/0.46/0.40 | +/+/+ | 0.44 | 0.035 |
Hornbeam (solid) | 0.38/0.43/0.39 | +/+/+ | 0.40 | 0.026 |
Oak (tube) | 0.32/0.36/0.40/0.43 | +/+/+/+ | 0.38 | 0.048 |
Oak (solid) | 0.47/0.43/0.3 | +/+/+ | 0.40 | 0.089 |
Chestnut (tube) | 0.45/0.47/0.41 | +/+/+ | 0.44 | 0.031 |
Chestnut (solid) | 0.31/0.31/0.36 | +/+/+ | 0.33 | 0.029 |