Material types of wood specimens

Shear modulus (GPa)

(test#1/test#2/test#3/test#4)

Forward (+) and backward (−) torque directions (test#1/test#2/test#3/test#4)

Average shear modulus values (GPa)

Standard deviation

Pine (tube)

0.29/0.46/0.27/0.32

−/−/+/+

0.34

0.085

Pine (solid)

0.35/0.46/0.27/0.32

−/−/+/+

0.35

0.080

Hornbeam (tube)

0.46/0.46/0.40

+/+/+

0.44

0.035

Hornbeam (solid)

0.38/0.43/0.39

+/+/+

0.40

0.026

Oak (tube)

0.32/0.36/0.40/0.43

+/+/+/+

0.38

0.048

Oak (solid)

0.47/0.43/0.3

+/+/+

0.40

0.089

Chestnut (tube)

0.45/0.47/0.41

+/+/+

0.44

0.031

Chestnut (solid)

0.31/0.31/0.36

+/+/+

0.33

0.029