Variable type

Variable name

Coefficient

P value

Dependent

Language score (grade1)

Explanatory variables

Education expenditure (lnexp)

Whether the mother is employed (work_m)

Mother taking care of family time (hourcf1_m)

Whether the father is employed (work_f)

Father taking care of family time (hourcf1_f)

Mother’s highest education (edu_m)

Father’s highest education (edu_f)

Account type (hukou_c)

Child sex (gender_c)

Cross terms (cross)

Child age (age_c)

0.061***

0.143

0.021

−0.049

−0.032

0.170***

0.101***

0.050

−0.365***

−0.142

−0.037***

0.003

0.117

0.206

0.425

0.252

0.000

0.001

0.450

0.000

0.204

0.000

Observations

Wald chi2(1)

Pseudo R2

1672

253.29

0.061