Factors

All students

The experimental group (n = 22)

The control group (n = 40)

Differences across the two group

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

Cohen’s D

Sig. (p)

1) Confidence in academic writing

4.81

0.92

5.14

0.88

4.63

0.90

0.57

0.04

2) Course confidence

4.92

0.92

5.20

0.86

4.77

0.93

0.48

0.08

3) Writing as transmission

5.02

0.64

5.01

0.58

5.02

0.68

−0.01

0.96

4) Writing as transaction

4.92

0.70

4.80

0.54

4.99

0.77

−0.30

0.29

5) Writing as recursion

5.39

0.79

5.40

0.68

5.38

0.85

0.03

0.90

6) Writing as an audience orientation

5.20

0.61

5.27

0.57

5.16

0.64

0.18

0.52

7) Writing as elaboration

5.19

0.64

5.23

0.63

5.17

0.65

0.09

0.72