Item

Writing confidence items

Pre-test

Post-test

Differences across pre-test and post-test

M

SD

M

SD

Cohen’s D

Sig (p)

1

Summarize and synthesize information from academic publications when writing academically in English

3.64

0.85

5.50

0.96

2.05

<0.001

2

Express my ideas clearly when writing academically in English

3.45

1.22

5.41

1.01

1.75

<0.001

3

Connect my own ideas to existing literature when writing academically in English

3.36

1.00

5.36

0.95

2.05

<0.001

4

Take the reader’s perspective into account when writing academically in English

3.32

1.36

5.05

1.09

1.40

<0.001

5

Structure and organize my text clearly when writing academically in English

3.55

1.37

5.23

1.07

1.37

<0.001

6

Use a wide variety of sentence structures when writing academically in English

2.77

1.15

4.50

1.57

1.26

<0.001

7

Review and revise/improve my text when writing academically in English

3.73

1.49

5.18

1.10

1.11

<0.01

8

Build up a logical and coherent argument when writing academically in English

3.64

1.29

5.27

0.99

1.42

<0.001

9

Write persuasively when writing academically in English

3.55

1.14

5.05

1.13

1.32

<0.001

10

Write critically when writing academically in English

3.45

1.47

4.82

1.22

1.01

<0.01