Compounds | Activities | Mechanisms | Ref.(s) |
Quercetrin, 3’,4’-Dimethoxyquercetin, Hirtacoumaroflavonoside and Hirtaflavonoside-B | Anti-diabetes | Inhibition of α-glucosidase, regulation of postprandial hyperglycemia | [27] |
Quercetrin | Anti-diabetes | Pancreatic β cells MIN6-protective effect | [25] |
Quercetin, rutin, myricitrin, cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, Pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, α-amyrine, β-amyrine, taraxerol | Anti-diabetes | High binding affinity to protein relating diabetes Type 2 | [42] |
Myricitrin | Anti-viral | Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus | [28] |
Galloylquinic acid | Anti-viral | Effective against NS1, NS3 and envelope proteins domain III of ZIKA virus | [43] |
Euphorbianin and rutin | Anti-viral | High binding affinity against protease Mpro, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 | [44] |
β-amyrin | Anti-inflammatory | iNOS protein inhibition on the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | [35] |
Quercetrin, Ferulic acid, Gallic acid and Rhamnetin | Anti-inflammatory | Effective against turpentine-induced arthritis, formalin-induced experimental peritonitis and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models to the rats | [18] |
β-amyrin and 24-methyl encycloartenol β-sitosterol | Anti-inflammatory | Inhibition effects on TPA-induced inflammation in ear to the mice | [36]
|
Afzelin, Quercetrin and Myricitrin | Anticancer | Cytotoxic against human epidermoid carcinoma KB 3-1 cells | [24] |
25-hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol and 24-hydroperoxycycloart-25-en-3β-ol | Anticancer | Cytotoxicity against a human cancer cell line, colon carcinoma (HCT 116) and non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma | [34] |
Quercetin | Anticancer | Cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells | [45] |
Afzelin, Quercetrin and Myricitrin | Antimalarial | Proliferation inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum | [24] |
Isorhamnetin and Pinocembrin | Antimalarial
| Multiple plasmepsin protease inhibition | [46] |
Taraxerol | Antimicrobial | Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus | [34] |
25-hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol and 24-hydroperoxycycloart-25-en-3β-ol | Antimicrobial | Against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes | [34] |
quercetin and kaempferol | Antimicrobial | Against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and S. aureus Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, T. mentagrophytes, and C. albicans | [22] |
Taraxerone and 11α, 12α-oxidotaraxerol | Antimicrobial | Against Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, Sarcina lutea, S. aureus, E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. shiga, S. boydii, S. flexneriae, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella sp. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penecillum sp. Trichoderma viride, C. albicans, Botryodiplodia theobromae | [14] |
Caffeic acid and Epicatechin 3-gallate | Antimicrobial | Cellular membrane destruction and ensuing membrane permeability perturbation of P. aeruginosa | [12] [19] |
Hydroquinone and O-coumaric acid | Antimicrobial | Against MRSA: S. aureus B39 | [15] |
Euphorbin C | Antimicrobial | Against Helicobacter pylori | [33] |
β-Amyrin | Anti-atherosclerosis | Inhibition of atherosclerotic initiation induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in SVEC4-10 endothelial cells | [47] |
Quercetin | Antidiarrhoeic | Decrease both the total number of faeces and the number of diarrhoeic faeces induced in mice by castor oil | [13] |
Quercetin | Anti-stress | Improvement in the swimming time, increases the time spent in open arm and decreases the time spent in the closed arm in mice | [23] |
Taraxerol | Antiasthmatic | Inhibition of the contractile effect of histamine in guinea pigs | [37] |
Hirtin | Anti-thrombotic disorders | Azocaseinolytic, gefibrinogenolytic, fibrinolytic and thrombin-like activities | [38] |
Hydroxyl cinnamic acid derivatives | Antioxidant | Protection interaction with reference bovine serum albumin protein (BSA) against metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) system mediated oxidative damage | [20] |
Methyl-3-(3,5- ditertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate | Antioxidant | DPPH radical scavenging activities in vitro | [39] |
Twenty new chebulic acid and brevifolincarboxylic acid derivatives | Antioxidant | DPPH radical scavenging activities in vitro | [21] |
Quercetrin | Anti-snake venom | Inhibition of protease, phospholipase-A2, hemolytic activity and hyaluronidase activities in vitro, inhibition in vivo of hemorrhage and edema induced in mice | [26] |
Pyrogallol (1, 2,3-Benzenetriol) | Anti-snake venom | Inhibition of protease activity in vitro | [16] |
Rutin | Anti-hemorrhoid | Remarkable healing on croton oil-inducing hemorrhoid in Wistar Albino rats | [29] |