Label

Signal detection

Detection limit (ng/mL)

Disadvantage

Ref.

Ferrocene-tagged peptide nanowired coated with AuNP

Electro-chemistry

5 × 10⁻⁶

Rather complex instrumentation

[23]

CdSe quantum dots with carbon nanotubes and AuNPs

ECL

0.0006

Rather complex instrumentation/QD are toxic materials

[24]

NMBs

Electrical

0.004

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs)

0.005

5 minsincubation time

[25]

Carbon nanotubes coated with palladium nano-particles

Electro-chemistry

0.044

Rather complex instrumentation/Higher detection limit

[26]

AuNP-graphene nanosheets

Electro-chemistry

0.05

Rather complex instrumentation/Higher detection limit

[27]

CNTs

Electro-chemistry

0.1

Rather complex instrumentation/Higher detection limit

[28]

Amorphous carbon nano-particles

Chemi-luminescence

1.9

Rather complex instrumentation/Higher detection limit

[29]