Males N = 85

Females N = 130

p-value

M

SD

M

SD

Physical illness

32.47

13.90

31.18

11.92

0.47

Psychological stress

58.05

14.16

55.73

12.45

0.21

Perceived Personal Self-Efficacy

31.11

8.54

33.45

5.74

0.02

Perceived Collective Self-Efficacy

28.71

8.26

30.81

6.97

0.04

Total LOC

42.08

6.70

39.95

6.65

0.02