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Effects on physical activity | 4/12 (33.3%) studies sig. increased PA; 8/12 no effect
3/9 objective and 1/3 self-report PA measurement sig. increased PA
No ES provided | 3/6 (50%) studies sig. increased in PA; 3/6 no effect 2/3 self-report 1/3 objective PA measurement ES = 0.44 (0.19, 0.70) | 3/9 (33.3%) sig. increase in PA; 6/9 no change in PA No ES provided | 7/11 (63.6%) sig. increase in PA, 4/11 no effect No ES provided | Not examined | Overall ES (over 6 studies) 7.04 min/day of MVPA (95% CI 1.59 to 12.5) and I2 value of 65.5%. |
Effects on fitness | Not examined | 4/6 (66.6%) sig. increased fitness; 1/6 (16,6%) control group sig. greater decreases in diastolic and systolic blood pressure; 1/6 no effect ES = 0.16 (0.01, 0.30) | Not examined | 6/9 (66.6%) sig. changes in fitness; 3/9 no effect No ES provided | Not examined | Not examined |
Effects on body composition | Not examined | 3/10 (30%) sig. decreased BMI, body weight, or skinfold thickness; 7/10 no effect ES = 0.07 (0.03, 0.12) | Not examined | 10/18 (55.5%) sig. positive changes on body composition, 8/18 no effect No ES provided | 8/15 (53.3%) sig. positive changes on body composition, 1/15 sig. negative effect, 6/15 no effect Overall ES (over 15 studies) (r) = −0.97; 0.59 | Not examined |
Effects on blood lipids | Not examined | 2/2 sig. improved blood lipids ES = 0.20 (0.06, 0.33) | Not examined | Not examined | Not examined | Not examined |
Effects on psychosocial constructs | Not examined | 1/4 (25%) sig. improved self-efficacy toward activity participation; 3/4 no effect ES = 0.08 (0.22, 0.37) | Not examined | 3/8 (37.5%) sig. positive changes on psychological constructs, 5/8 no effect No ES provided | Not examined | Not examined |
Effects on sedentary activities | Not examined | 1/4 (25%) sig. reduced sedentary behaviour; 3/4 no effect ES = 0.20 (−0.04, 0.44) | Not examined | Not examined | Not examined | Not examined |