Pate & O’Neill (2009)

Beets et al. (2009)

Atkin et al. (2011)

Branscum & Sharma (2012)

Vasques et al. (2014)

Mears & Jago (2016)

Effects on physical activity

4/12 (33.3%) studies sig. increased PA; 8/12 no effect

3/9 objective and 1/3 self-report PA measurement sig. increased PA

No ES provided

3/6 (50%) studies sig. increased in PA; 3/6 no effect

2/3 self-report

1/3 objective PA measurement

ES = 0.44 (0.19, 0.70)

3/9 (33.3%) sig. increase in PA; 6/9 no change in PA

No ES provided

7/11 (63.6%) sig. increase in PA, 4/11 no effect

No ES provided

Not examined

Overall ES (over 6 studies) 7.04 min/day of MVPA (95% CI 1.59 to 12.5) and I2 value of

65.5%.

Effects on fitness

Not examined

4/6 (66.6%) sig. increased fitness; 1/6 (16,6%) control group sig. greater decreases in diastolic and systolic blood pressure; 1/6 no effect

ES = 0.16 (0.01, 0.30)

Not examined

6/9 (66.6%) sig. changes in fitness; 3/9 no effect

No ES provided

Not examined

Not examined

Effects on body composition

Not examined

3/10 (30%) sig. decreased BMI, body weight, or skinfold thickness; 7/10 no effect

ES = 0.07 (0.03, 0.12)

Not examined

10/18 (55.5%) sig. positive changes on body composition, 8/18 no effect

No ES provided

8/15 (53.3%) sig. positive changes on body composition, 1/15 sig. negative effect, 6/15 no effect

Overall ES (over 15 studies) (r) = −0.97; 0.59

Not examined

Effects on blood lipids

Not examined

2/2 sig. improved blood lipids

ES = 0.20 (0.06, 0.33)

Not examined

Not examined

Not examined

Not examined

Effects on psychosocial constructs

Not examined

1/4 (25%) sig. improved self-efficacy toward activity participation; 3/4 no effect

ES = 0.08 (0.22, 0.37)

Not examined

3/8 (37.5%) sig. positive changes on psychological constructs, 5/8 no effect

No ES provided

Not examined

Not examined

Effects on sedentary activities

Not examined

1/4 (25%) sig. reduced sedentary behaviour; 3/4 no effect

ES = 0.20 (−0.04, 0.44)

Not examined

Not examined

Not examined

Not examined