Pathological maturation of neurotransmitter systems in the developmental of Autism | |||
Brain regions/ migration 1 | Synaptic integration 1 | Network activity/plasticity 1 | Behavioral clinical phenotype |
Glutamate Cortical region | Blockade of GABAergic activities | Cortical excitatory inputs | Autism |
Cortical region | (5HT2A) receptor activity on GABAergic interneurons | $Glutamate signaling | Developmental disorder such as Autism |
Pyramidal and multipolar neurons | GABAergic neurons are sensitive to glutamate analog (NMDA) | Damage the large pyramidal and multipolar neurons | Autism |
GABA Cortex | Postnatal $ in cortical GABAergic neurons | Excitation and Noise in Cortex | Autism |
Acetylcholine Cerebral neocortex | $α4 β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on GABAergic neurons | $GABAergic activity | Autism |
Cerebellum | $α4, α2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor | $GABAergic activity | Reported in autistic patients |
Hippocampus | Prenatal stress | Level of acetylcholine | Developmental disorders including Autism |
Cerebral cortex | $α4 β2 acetylcholine receptor | $Interneuron GABAergic neurotransmission | Autism |
Serotonin Cortex | Destruction of 5HT afferents by using Pchlorophenylalanine at a critical period(E12 to E17) | Abnormal distribution of GABAergic interneurons | Developmental disorders |
Prefrontal cortex | 5HT2A receptor agonists | Reduced GABAA currents by activation of protein kinase (PKC) which decreases GABAA mediated Cl− currents | Autism |
Prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons | 5HT4 receptor | ±GABAA mediated current depending on Protein Kinase (PKA) levels | Autistic Spectrum Disorder |
Dopamine cerebral cortex | Pysiological changes in dopamine D1 and D2 receptors | Cause alteration in GABA neuron migration at the embryonic stage | Autism |
Telencephalic regions | DAergic innervation | significant GABA dysfunction | Neuronal disorders including schizophrenia |