Strategy

Characteristics

Results

Reference

Natural attenuation

Mangrove sediment (4 g) contaminated with fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene (400 mg cada) in 40 mL of artificial seawater.

97% removal of fluorene and 99% of phenanthrene after 14 days.

[104]

Bioaugmentation

97% removal after 14 days of fluorene and 97% removal after 28 days of phenanthrene.

Biostimulation

Mangrove sediment (4 g) contaminated with fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene (400 mg each) in 40 mL of Mineral Salt Medium (MSM).

97% removal of fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene after 28 days.

Biostimulation

Seawater contaminated with diesel + NaNO₃ + KH₂PO₄ (ratio N: P equal to 10:1)

24.6% removal of diesel after 32 days.

[106]

Biostimulation

Seawater contaminated with light crude oil (1 g/L), using KNO₃ + K₂HPO₄ (ratio N: P equal to 10:1) + chemical surfactant

53.4% removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons after 28 days.

[107]

Biaugmentation + biostimulation

Seawater contaminated with crude oil (1 g/L) + chemical surfactant + NH₄NO₃ + K₂HPO₄ (ratio N: P equal to 10:1)

85.35% removal of n-alkanes.

Bioaugmentation + biostimulation

Seawater contaminated with crude oil (0.5% w/v); KNO₃ + K₂HPO₄ (ratio C: N: P equal to 100:10:1) + rhamnolipid + pre-culture adapted microorganisms

99% removal of n-alkanes (C₁₄-C₃₅) in 15 days.

[108]