Li [40] 2014	Mice	Dysplasia Cross of Wnt-Cre mice with pMes-stopShox2 mice	Shox2	Increased number of apoptotic cells in the glenoid fossa causing glenoid fossa dysplasia, dysplasia of condyle	NR
Wang [41] 2014	Mice	TMJ Cartilage Degeneration Crossbreeding to generate β-catenin(ex3)^Col2ER, Tamoxifen administered	Ctnnb1	Significant reduction in TMJ joint space, cartilage thickness was significantly decreased, increase in cartilage degrading enzymes, OA-like phenotype	NR
Meng [42] 2007	Rats	OA Surgically, lesions created in discs	Aqp1 Aqp3	High expression and different localization of AQP3 in OA cartilage. No significant difference between OA and normal controls	NR
Yu [43] 2012	Rats	Condyle cartilage Degeneration Occlusal treatment carried out to induce degenerative changes in the mandibular condylar cartilage	Igf1 Gfr1 Igfbp3	Obvious OA-like changes were observed in 2 week female experimental group than those in control group (P < 0.01) and 2 week male experimental group (P < 0.05), Expression of IGF1 in the 2 week females was lower than males (P < 0.01), IGFR1 was significantly lower in 2 week female (P < 0.05) but increased in 2 week male experimental group, IGFBP3 in all female subgroups was significantly lower than that in their male counterparts	Differences in occlusion between rats and humans
Asakawa-Tanne [44] 2015	Porcine	Disc indentation Porcine cranial heads were subjected to cyclic loading	Cox2 Il1b Mmp1 Mmp3 Mmp9	Compromised lubrication in TMJ is associated with altered frictional properties and surface wear of condylar cartilage	Amount and nature of loading used in the study do not represent the actual TMJ dynamics in vivo
Ge [45] 2009	Rabbit	Cartilage destruction Primary rabbit condylar chondrocytes were treated with IL-β, purified WNT5A protein, or both and transfected with Wnt5a expression vector	Wnt5a	WNT5A is associated with cartilage destruction by promoting expression of MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, MMP13	NR