Explanatory variables

Value of yield per hectare

Downside risk measurement

Variance of output

Skewness of output

Coef.

Std. Err.

Coef.

Std. Err.

Coef.

Std. Err.

Informal education dummy

0.098

0.053

−0.119

0.127

0.647

0.683

Dummy for primary education by household head

−0.090

0.056

0.092

0.134

0.833

0.719

Dummy for secondary and above education by household head

0.201**

0.073

−0.369*

0.176

0.215

0.943

Dummy for households in West Gojjam

0.174*

0.079

0.424*

0.183

−1.098

0.984

Dummy for households in south Wello

−0.205***

0.059

0.707***

0.137

0.292

0.735

Dummy for households in North Wello

0.177*

0.077

−0.102

0.179

−0.344

0.960

Log of family labor( age >= 15)

0.148*

0.063

0.23

−0.23

−0.001

0.003

Hired labor dummy (1 = hired, 0 = otherwise)

0.050

0.053

0.039

0.126

1.055

0.678

Percentage of Irrigation land

−0.001

0.001

0.001

0.002

−0.004

0.013

Tropical livestock unit

−0.022

0.017

−0.033

0.042

0.163

0.225

Log of parcel in hectare

−0.445***

0.042

0.570***

0.104

0.737**

0.556

Log of agriculture capital

0.276***

0.039

0.266**

0.097

0.421

0.522

Log of manure used in kg

0.024*

0.011

−0.016

0.028

−0.198

0.148

Log of local seed used in kg

−0.097***

0.018

−0.006

0.044

−0.390

0.238

Log of inorganic fertilizer in kg

0.008

0.018

−0.122**

0.044

−0.077*

0.238

Log of improved seed used in kg

0.116***

0.033

0.032

0.082

1.538*

0.438

Log of chemical inputs used in litter

−0.065*

0.024

−0.023

0.059

0.814*

0.319

Mean of time variant expletory variables

Mean LNFER

0.043

0.023

0.061

0.056

−0.160

0.300

Mean LNIMSEED

−.160***

0.048

0.014

0.115

−0.524

0.616

Mean LNPEH

−0.028

0.035

−0.112

0.084

−0.532

0.452

Mean LNMANURE

0.040*

0.016

0.003

0.038

0.098

0.206

Mean LNLOSEED

0.215***

0.034

−0.100

0.081

−0.431

0.434

Mean LNLANDSIZE

0.087

0.057

−0.349*

0.139

0.744

0.744

Mean LNAGRCAPITAL

−0.111*

0.050

−0.297*

0.122

0.470

0.652

Mean TLU

0.080***

0.023

−0.041

0.057

−0.092

0.304

Mean LNFAML

0.149*

0.059

0.041

0.136

−0.721

0.730

Mean IRRLAND

0.000

0.001

−0.001

0.003

−0.008

0.017

_cons

7.433

0.191

1.249

0.443

−3.876

2.378

Wald chi2(17)

546.54

115.73

670.48

Prob > chi2

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Number of obs.

1125

1125

1125