Platform

Preceding

Pandemic

t-test

M (SD)

M (SD)

t

df

d

Text/voice messaging

1.38 (1.41)

1.95 (1.73)

3.59***

66

1.28

Instagram

1.32 (1.61)

1.88 (2.10)

3.51***

67

1.31

Snapchat

0.66 (1.25)

0.99 (1.67)

3.09**

66

0.85

Facebook

1.44 (1.47)

2.10 (1.94)

3.89***

67

1.40

YouTube

1.12 (1.61)

1.79 (2.03)

3.82***

66

1.41

Twitter

0.13 (0.28)

0.23 (0.55)

2.35*

66

0.36

TikTok

0.26 (0.68)

0.62 (1.41)

3.10**

67

0.94

Discussion platform

0.27 (0.94)

0.31 (0.97)

1.30

67

0.23

Cummulative¹

6.64 (4.97)

10.05 (6.01)

5.87***

64

4.68