Junior

Cadet

U-15

U-12

Mean value (SD)

t value

Mean value (SD)

t value

Mean value (SD)

t value

Mean value (SD)

t value

Pre (n = 37)

Post (n = 37)

Pre (n = 30)

Post (n = 30)

Pre (n = 13)

Post (n = 13)

Pre (n = 10)

Post (n = 10)

Stress management

13.14

(2.77)

13.41

(2.50)

0.97

11.97

(2.47)

11.83

(2.90)

0.39

12.62

(2.69)

13.00

(2.12)

0.67

12.80

(2.78)

12.60

(3.47)

0.28

Setting goals

10.65

(2.21)

10.92

(2.36)

0.82

11.00

(2.60)

11.37

(2.57)

1.41

11.69

(1.80)

12.85

(2.08)

1.90

11.90

(2.08)

13.10

(1.97)

1.81

Thinking carefully

12.89

(1.85)

13.16

(1.77)

1.02

12.70

(1.82)

13.43

(1.59)

2.67*

12.15

(2.03)

12.46

(2.03)

0.44

13.80

(1.14)

13.80

(1.23)

0.00

Appreciating others

14.05

(1.97)

14.30

(1.85)

1.25

14.57

(1.68)

15.07

(1.46)

2.06*

14.08

(1.50)

14.15

(1.21)

0.20

14.50

(1.18)

14.40

(1.96)

0.23

Communicating

13.46

(2.02)

14.16

(1.80)

2.38*

14.60

(1.50)

14.80

(1.47)

0.92

14.23

(2.59)

14.15

(1.95)

0.21

13.20

(2.62)

13.30

(2.31)

0.15

Maintaining etiquette and manners

13.70

(2.22)

14.30

(2.03)

1.79

14.73

(1.28)

14.23

(1.74)

1.80

14.54

(1.05)

14.92

(1.44)

0.84

14.80

(1.69)

14.60

(1.71)

0.48

Always making one’s best efforts

12.46

(1.99)

13.46

(1.89)

3.33**

13.33

(1.81)

13.53

(1.98)

0.92

13.62

(1.26)

13.54

(1.39)

0.32

15.00

(1.49)

14.50

(1.43)

1.00

Taking responsibility for one’s own behavior

13.35

(1.99)

14.03

(1.76)

4.35***

14.43

(1.48)

14.10

(1.84)

2.07*

13.92

(1.50)

14.08

(1.55)

0.38

14.40

(1.17)

14.50

(1.35)

0.25

Being humble

13.70

(1.78)

13.57

(1.91)

0.45

13.23

(1.50)

13.40

(1.59)

0.80

13.62

(1.26)

13.46

(1.51)

0.34

14.10

(1.29)

14.30

(1.77)

0.69

Maintaining physical health and well-being

12.24

(1.91)

13.51

(2.23)

5.14***

12.90

(1.83)

13.47

(1.98)

2.10*

12.85

(2.30)

12.38

(2.33)

0.82

13.80

(1.75)

14.10

(2.02)

0.45