Junior | Cadet | U-15 | U-12 | |||||||||
Mean value (SD) | t value | Mean value (SD) | t value | Mean value (SD) | t value | Mean value (SD) | t value | |||||
Pre (n = 37) | Post (n = 37) | Pre (n = 30) | Post (n = 30) | Pre (n = 13) | Post (n = 13) | Pre (n = 10) | Post (n = 10) | |||||
Stress management | 13.14 (2.77) | 13.41 (2.50) | 0.97 | 11.97 (2.47) | 11.83 (2.90) | 0.39 | 12.62 (2.69) | 13.00 (2.12) | 0.67 | 12.80 (2.78) | 12.60 (3.47) | 0.28 |
Setting goals | 10.65 (2.21) | 10.92 (2.36) | 0.82 | 11.00 (2.60) | 11.37 (2.57) | 1.41 | 11.69 (1.80) | 12.85 (2.08) | 1.90 | 11.90 (2.08) | 13.10 (1.97) | 1.81 |
Thinking carefully | 12.89 (1.85) | 13.16 (1.77) | 1.02 | 12.70 (1.82) | 13.43 (1.59) | 2.67* | 12.15 (2.03) | 12.46 (2.03) | 0.44 | 13.80 (1.14) | 13.80 (1.23) | 0.00 |
Appreciating others | 14.05 (1.97) | 14.30 (1.85) | 1.25 | 14.57 (1.68) | 15.07 (1.46) | 2.06* | 14.08 (1.50) | 14.15 (1.21) | 0.20 | 14.50 (1.18) | 14.40 (1.96) | 0.23 |
Communicating | 13.46 (2.02) | 14.16 (1.80) | 2.38* | 14.60 (1.50) | 14.80 (1.47) | 0.92 | 14.23 (2.59) | 14.15 (1.95) | 0.21 | 13.20 (2.62) | 13.30 (2.31) | 0.15 |
Maintaining etiquette and manners | 13.70 (2.22) | 14.30 (2.03) | 1.79 | 14.73 (1.28) | 14.23 (1.74) | 1.80 | 14.54 (1.05) | 14.92 (1.44) | 0.84 | 14.80 (1.69) | 14.60 (1.71) | 0.48 |
Always making one’s best efforts | 12.46 (1.99) | 13.46 (1.89) | 3.33** | 13.33 (1.81) | 13.53 (1.98) | 0.92 | 13.62 (1.26) | 13.54 (1.39) | 0.32 | 15.00 (1.49) | 14.50 (1.43) | 1.00 |
Taking responsibility for one’s own behavior | 13.35 (1.99) | 14.03 (1.76) | 4.35*** | 14.43 (1.48) | 14.10 (1.84) | 2.07* | 13.92 (1.50) | 14.08 (1.55) | 0.38 | 14.40 (1.17) | 14.50 (1.35) | 0.25 |
Being humble | 13.70 (1.78) | 13.57 (1.91) | 0.45 | 13.23 (1.50) | 13.40 (1.59) | 0.80 | 13.62 (1.26) | 13.46 (1.51) | 0.34 | 14.10 (1.29) | 14.30 (1.77) | 0.69 |
Maintaining physical health and well-being | 12.24 (1.91) | 13.51 (2.23) | 5.14*** | 12.90 (1.83) | 13.47 (1.98) | 2.10* | 12.85 (2.30) | 12.38 (2.33) | 0.82 | 13.80 (1.75) | 14.10 (2.02) | 0.45 |