Model the Way

Inspire Shared Vision

Challenge the Process

Enable Others to Act

Encourage the Heart

N = 446,780

(Posner, 2016)

Mean Values

7.69

7.12

7.33

8.25

7.54

Standard Deviation

1.35

1.72

1.48

1.19

1.62

N = 249

(This Study)

Mean Values

8.52

8.19

8.23

8.89

8.69

Standard Deviation

0.90

1.05

1.00

0.69

0.98