Study | Location | Age | Type of Surgery | Number of Patients (# Pre-/# Post-implementation) | Total Complications | Surgical Site Infections | Unplanned Returns to the OR | Mortality |
Haynes, 2009 [5] | Multicenter world-wide | Patients > 16 years | Non-cardiac surgeries | Total: 7688 (3733/3955) |
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Site 1: 1122 (524/598) | 11.6% vs. 7.0% | 4.0% vs. 2.0% | 4.6% vs. 1.8% | 1.0% vs. 0.0% | ||||
Site 2: 708 (357/351) | 7.8% vs. 6.3% | 2.0% vs. 1.7% | 0.6% vs. 1.1% | 1.1% vs. 0.3% | ||||
Site 3: 983 (497/486) | 13.5% vs. 9.7% | 5.8% vs. 4.3% | 4.6% vs. 2.7% | 1.0% vs. 1.4% | ||||
Site 4: 1065 (520/545) | 7.5% vs. 5.5% | 3.1% vs. 2.6% | 2.5% vs. 2.2% | 1.0% vs. 0.6% | ||||
Site 5: 700 (370/330) | 21.4% vs. 5.5% | 20.5% vs. 3.6% | 1.4% vs. 1.8% | 1.4% vs. 0.0% | ||||
Site 6: 972 (496/476) | 10.1% vs. 9.7% | 4.0% vs. 4.0% | 3.0% vs. 3.2% | 3.6% vs. 1.7% | ||||
Site 7: 1110 (525/585) | 12.4% vs. 8.0% | 9.5% vs. 5.8% | 1.3% vs. 0.2% | 2.1% vs. 1.7% | ||||
Site 8: 1028 (444/584) | 6.1% vs. 3.6% | 4.1% vs. 2.4% | 0.5% vs. 1.2% | 1.4% vs. 0.3% | ||||
Sewell, 2011 [25] | London, UK | Patients of all ages
| Elective and emergent orthopedic surgeries | 965 (480/485) | 8.5% vs. 7.6% | 4.4% vs. 3.5% | 1.0% vs. 1.0% | 1.9% vs. 1.6% |
Askarian, 2011 [26] | Shiraz, Iran | Patients > 16 years | Elective general surgeries | 294 (144/150) | 22.9% vs. 10.0% | 10.4% vs. 5.3% | NR | NR |
Van Klei, 2012 [27] | Utrecht, The Netherlands | Adult patients | Any surgical procedure | 25,513 (14,362/11,151) | NR | NR | NR | 3.1% vs. 2.9% |
Bliss, 2012 [28] | Connecticut, USA | Not indicated | Any surgical procedure | 2152 (2,079/73) | 23.6% vs. 8.2% | 6.2% vs. 5.5% | NR | NR |
Yuan, 2012 [29] | Liberia | Not indicated | Any surgical procedure | Total: 481 (232/249) Site 1: 219 (109/110) Site 2: 262 (123/139) | 15.6% vs. 12.7% 41.5% vs. 23.0% | 12.8% vs. 9.1% 39.8% vs. 10.1% | NR | 0.9% vs. 4.5% 0.3% vs. 1.4% |
Kwok, 2013 [30] | Chisinau, Moldova | Patients of all ages | Any surgical procedure | 4099 (1993/2106) | 21.5% vs. 8.8% | 14.9% vs. 4.7% | 1.9% vs. 1.5% | 4.0% vs. 3.1% |
Lepanluoma, 2014 [31] | Turku, Finland | Adult patients | Neurosurgery | 162 (89/73) | NR | 9.0% vs. 4.1% | 16.7% vs. 6.7% | NR |
Haugen, 2015 [32] | Norway | Patients of all ages | Any surgical procedure | 5295 (2212/3083) | 19.9% vs. 12.4% | 2.2% vs. 1.5% | 1.7% vs. 0.6% | 1.6% vs. 1.0% |
Biskup, 2015 [12] | New York, USA | Patients of all ages | Plastic surgery | 4476 (2166/2310) | 6.0% vs. 5.8% | NR | NR | 0.05% vs. 0.04% |