Study

Location

Age

Type of Surgery

Number of Patients (# Pre-/# Post-implementation)

Total Complications

Surgical Site Infections

Unplanned Returns to the OR

Mortality

Haynes, 2009 [5]

Multicenter world-wide

Patients > 16 years

Non-cardiac surgeries

Total: 7688 (3733/3955)

Site 1: 1122 (524/598)

11.6% vs. 7.0%

4.0% vs. 2.0%

4.6% vs. 1.8%

1.0% vs. 0.0%

Site 2: 708 (357/351)

7.8% vs. 6.3%

2.0% vs. 1.7%

0.6% vs. 1.1%

1.1% vs. 0.3%

Site 3: 983 (497/486)

13.5% vs. 9.7%

5.8% vs. 4.3%

4.6% vs. 2.7%

1.0% vs. 1.4%

Site 4: 1065 (520/545)

7.5% vs. 5.5%

3.1% vs. 2.6%

2.5% vs. 2.2%

1.0% vs. 0.6%

Site 5: 700 (370/330)

21.4% vs. 5.5%

20.5% vs. 3.6%

1.4% vs. 1.8%

1.4% vs. 0.0%

Site 6: 972 (496/476)

10.1% vs. 9.7%

4.0% vs. 4.0%

3.0% vs. 3.2%

3.6% vs. 1.7%

Site 7: 1110 (525/585)

12.4% vs. 8.0%

9.5% vs. 5.8%

1.3% vs. 0.2%

2.1% vs. 1.7%

Site 8: 1028 (444/584)

6.1% vs. 3.6%

4.1% vs. 2.4%

0.5% vs. 1.2%

1.4% vs. 0.3%

Sewell, 2011 [25]

London, UK

Patients of all ages

Elective and emergent orthopedic surgeries

965 (480/485)

8.5% vs. 7.6%

4.4% vs. 3.5%

1.0% vs. 1.0%

1.9% vs. 1.6%

Askarian, 2011 [26]

Shiraz, Iran

Patients > 16 years

Elective general surgeries

294 (144/150)

22.9% vs. 10.0%

10.4% vs. 5.3%

NR

NR

Van Klei, 2012 [27]

Utrecht, The Netherlands

Adult patients

Any surgical procedure

25,513 (14,362/11,151)

NR

NR

NR

3.1% vs. 2.9%

Bliss, 2012 [28]

Connecticut, USA

Not indicated

Any surgical procedure

2152 (2,079/73)

23.6% vs. 8.2%

6.2% vs. 5.5%

NR

NR

Yuan, 2012 [29]

Liberia

Not indicated

Any surgical procedure

Total: 481 (232/249)

Site 1: 219 (109/110)

Site 2: 262 (123/139)

15.6% vs. 12.7%

41.5% vs. 23.0%

12.8% vs. 9.1%

39.8% vs. 10.1%

NR

0.9% vs. 4.5%

0.3% vs. 1.4%

Kwok, 2013 [30]

Chisinau, Moldova

Patients of all ages

Any surgical procedure

4099 (1993/2106)

21.5% vs. 8.8%

14.9% vs. 4.7%

1.9% vs. 1.5%

4.0% vs. 3.1%

Lepanluoma, 2014 [31]

Turku, Finland

Adult patients

Neurosurgery

162 (89/73)

NR

9.0% vs. 4.1%

16.7% vs. 6.7%

NR

Haugen, 2015 [32]

Norway

Patients of all ages

Any surgical procedure

5295 (2212/3083)

19.9% vs. 12.4%

2.2% vs. 1.5%

1.7% vs. 0.6%

1.6% vs. 1.0%

Biskup, 2015 [12]

New York, USA

Patients of all ages

Plastic surgery

4476 (2166/2310)

6.0% vs. 5.8%

NR

NR

0.05% vs. 0.04%