| Past (1991-2009) | Present (2009-2019) | Future (2019-onwards) |
Organisation | · No organization · Self-organization internal to university · Central organization external to university | · Central organization · Hybrid structure: value chain - cluster/ecosystem hybrid · Triple helix focused | · Flexible and adaptive TTOs · Platform based interactions · Ecosystem orchestration |
Functions | · Allow bilateral cooperation between university & industry · Allow science & research development in the region · Fostering collaboration in multi-actor settings | · Increasing technological development · Allowing funding for R&D projects · Fostering innovation · Increasing deal flow | · Continue TT to industry · Transfer knowledge to society. |
Key stakeholders | · Large corporations · Universities · Policy actors gradually added | · Universities · University colleges · Research center · Federations · Governmental bodies (Government, Public administration, Agencies · Incubators · Venture capital fund · PE & private funds (Business angels) · Companies | · Industry · Civil society |
Power | · Concentrated at the larger R&D intensive companies | · Concentrated at the governmental funding agency | · Distributed across open platforms and networks |