Authors | Country | Sample | Results | ||
Self-selection | Learning-by- exporting | Productivity Paradox | |||
| Germany | 2149 observations; 389 firms; 1992-2000 | √ | × | × |
| Germany | Mining and manufacturing industries; 1995-2005 | — | √ | × |
| Italy | 38,771 firms; 1989-1997 | √ | √ | × |
| Sweden | 36,903 observations; 3570 firms; 1980-1997 | × | × | √ |
| Sweden | SMEs; 1997-2006 | √ | × | × |
| Turkey | 41,463 observations; 4498 firms; 1989-2003 | √ | √ | × |
| China | 2340 firms; 2000-2002 | √ | √ | × |
| India | 3698 firms; 1990-2006 | √ | √ | × |
| India | 33,510 firms; 1991-2004 | √ | × | × |
| India | manufacturing firms; 1994-2006 | √ | √ | × |
| Chile | manufacturing firms with at least 10 employees; 1990-1996 | — | √ | — |
| Latvia and Estonia | Latvian frms; 2006-2015; and Estonian frms;1995-2014 | — | √ | — |
| Ethiopia | Manufacturing industries; 1996-2005 | √ | √ | × |
| Colombia | around 4500 firms of agri food industry; 1981-1987 | — | √ | × |