Variable

ADF test value

Difference order

1% critical value

5% critical value

10% critical value

Prob.*

Test results

CS

−7.240

Zero-order

−4.992

−3.875

−3.388

0.0005

Smooth

XFS

−4.010

First order

−4.200

−3.175

−2.729

0.0134

Smooth

ZZS

−5.501

First order

−5.125

−3.933

−3.420

0.0063

Smooth

YYS

−4.648

First order

−5.295

−4.008

−3.461

0.0220

Smooth

QYS

−6.015

Zero-order

−4.992

−3.875

−3.388

0.0025

Smooth

GS

−5.393

Zero-order

−4.992

−3.875

−3.388

0.0058

Smooth