Agricultural residue and waste species

Minimum GCV

(MJ∙kg−1)

Maximum

GCV (MJ∙kg−1)

Range GCV

(MJ∙kg−1)

Mean GCV

(MJ∙kg−1)

Standard

deviation

Rice husk with moisture content 8.30%

15.875

16.057

0.182

15.972

0.075

Rice husk without moisture (dried at 105˚C for 24 h)

16.546

16.748

0.202

16.643

0.078

Rice straw with moisture content 12.19%

15.012

15.130

0.118

15.092

0.049

Rice straw without moisture (dried at 105˚C for 24 h)

16.345

16.580

0.235

16.475

0.093

Pistachios shells

17.247

17.431

0.184

17.320

0.097

Leaves of Pistachio trees

15.477

16.618

1.141

16.120*

0.585

Dark red sweet cherry seeds

19.358

20.441

1.083

19.870*

0.544

Apricot kernels

18.508

18.642

0.134

18.562

0.071

Peach kernels

18.901

19.091

0.190

18.995

0.095

Watermelon fruit seeds

23.321

23.585

0.264

23.473

0.137

Grape seeds

20.038

20.839

0.801

20.388*

0.410

Olive pits

17.369

18.582

1.213

17.970*

0.537

Almont husks

18.007

18.318

0.311

18.176

0.112

Sunflower husks

18.444

18.831

0.387

18.674

0.173

Sunflower seed cake with moisture content 12.72%

21.160

21.277

0.117

21.231

0.042

Rapeseed cake with moisture content 11.17%

21.442

21.844

0.402

21.569

0.158

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant root

17.671

17.768

0.097

17.707

0.036

Cotton plant main stem

17.645

17.799

0.154

17.733

0.054

Cotton plant terminal bud

16.105

16.643

0.538

16.396

0.160

Cotton plant vegetative branches

17.070

17.598

0.528

17.376

0.143

Cotton plant fruiting branches

17.065

17.505

0.440

17.368

0.143

Cotton plant leaves

15.955

16.126

0.171

16.059

0.048

Cotton plant (25 weeks/harvest) bur

16.993

17.292

0.299

17.141

0.084

Cotton plant (25 weeks/harvest) locks

16.543

16.870

0.327

16.679

0.099

Cotton plant seeds

22.750

23.078

0.328

22.933

0.111