Agricultural residue and waste species | Minimum GCV (MJ∙kg−1) | Maximum GCV (MJ∙kg−1) | Range GCV (MJ∙kg−1) | Mean GCV (MJ∙kg−1) | Standard deviation |
Rice husk with moisture content 8.30% | 15.875 | 16.057 | 0.182 | 15.972 | 0.075 |
Rice husk without moisture (dried at 105˚C for 24 h) | 16.546 | 16.748 | 0.202 | 16.643 | 0.078 |
Rice straw with moisture content 12.19% | 15.012 | 15.130 | 0.118 | 15.092 | 0.049 |
Rice straw without moisture (dried at 105˚C for 24 h) | 16.345 | 16.580 | 0.235 | 16.475 | 0.093 |
Pistachios shells | 17.247 | 17.431 | 0.184 | 17.320 | 0.097 |
Leaves of Pistachio trees | 15.477 | 16.618 | 1.141 | 16.120* | 0.585 |
Dark red sweet cherry seeds | 19.358 | 20.441 | 1.083 | 19.870* | 0.544 |
Apricot kernels | 18.508 | 18.642 | 0.134 | 18.562 | 0.071 |
Peach kernels | 18.901 | 19.091 | 0.190 | 18.995 | 0.095 |
Watermelon fruit seeds | 23.321 | 23.585 | 0.264 | 23.473 | 0.137 |
Grape seeds | 20.038 | 20.839 | 0.801 | 20.388* | 0.410 |
Olive pits | 17.369 | 18.582 | 1.213 | 17.970* | 0.537 |
Almont husks | 18.007 | 18.318 | 0.311 | 18.176 | 0.112 |
Sunflower husks | 18.444 | 18.831 | 0.387 | 18.674 | 0.173 |
Sunflower seed cake with moisture content 12.72% | 21.160 | 21.277 | 0.117 | 21.231 | 0.042 |
Rapeseed cake with moisture content 11.17% | 21.442 | 21.844 | 0.402 | 21.569 | 0.158 |
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant root | 17.671 | 17.768 | 0.097 | 17.707 | 0.036 |
Cotton plant main stem | 17.645 | 17.799 | 0.154 | 17.733 | 0.054 |
Cotton plant terminal bud | 16.105 | 16.643 | 0.538 | 16.396 | 0.160 |
Cotton plant vegetative branches | 17.070 | 17.598 | 0.528 | 17.376 | 0.143 |
Cotton plant fruiting branches | 17.065 | 17.505 | 0.440 | 17.368 | 0.143 |
Cotton plant leaves | 15.955 | 16.126 | 0.171 | 16.059 | 0.048 |
Cotton plant (25 weeks/harvest) bur | 16.993 | 17.292 | 0.299 | 17.141 | 0.084 |
Cotton plant (25 weeks/harvest) locks | 16.543 | 16.870 | 0.327 | 16.679 | 0.099 |
Cotton plant seeds | 22.750 | 23.078 | 0.328 | 22.933 | 0.111 |