1993

Gerdner & Swanson

A case study

5

70 - 99

A health center

Individualized music

Agitation, # of medication

M-CMAI^*

Agitation decreased during music intervention in 4 out of 5 clients.

1994

Goddaer & Abraham

ABAB

29 (6/23)

69 - 93 81.3 (6.9)

2 nursing homes,

A: no music B: Group music (Relaxing music)

Agitation

M-CMAI.

Agitation significantly decreased 54% with music compared to baseline and increased 38.4% when withdrawal period

1995

Tabloski et al.

QE^*

20 (3/17)

64 - 84

2 Long term care facilities

Group (Calming music)

Agitation

Agitation Behavior Scale

A significant reduction in agitated both during and after music intervention compared to baseline

1996

Ragneskog et al.

5

69 - 85

A nursing home

Group (Soft, Swedish, Pop/rock music

Agitation

Video analysis.

Two of the five patients didn’t show restless during soothing music condition.

1997

Denney

QE

9 (3/6)

65 - 84 74.8 (6.4)

A nursing home

Quiet music

Agitation.

M-CMAI

Agitation decreased with music from baseline

1997

Gerdner

A case study

1

77

Classical-relaxation & Preferred music (spiritual or religious music)

Agitation

M-CMAI

Agitation decreased during preferred music condition than classical music

1997

Thomas, Heitman, & Alexander.

QE

14 (4/10)

69 - 86

A nursing facility

Individualized and Preferred music

Aggressive behaviors

M-CMAI

There were significant differences on physically aggressive behaviors between pre-music and post-music and music and post-music

1998

Clark, Lipe, & Bilbrey

QE

18 (4/14)

55 - 95 82 (10)

A nursing facility

Preferred music

Aggressive behaviors.

Observation

The total number of aggressive ehaviors significantly decreased with music compared to no music

2000

Gerdner

A pre and posttest crossover design

39 (9/30)

82.6

6 long-term care facilities

Individualized M Vs. Classical-Relaxation music

Agitation

M-CMAI

Significant reduction in agitation with individualized music and even after withdrawal compared to classical music

2001

Ragneskog et al.

QE

4

-

4 nursing homes

Individualized M Classical M

Agitation

Video analysis.

Two patients became calmer during some of the individualized music sessions

2004

Richeson & Neill

QE

27 (6/21)

87 (67 - 94)

Nursing facility

Quiet music

Agitation, Food intake

M-CMAI, Percentage of food eaten

Overall agitation decreased compared to baseline to intervention and food eaten increased from baseline

2005

Gerdner

QE

8 (0/8)

83.3

A skilled care facility

Preferred music individualized

Agitation

M-CMAI VAS^* Interviews

A significant reduction in agitation during the presentation of music from baseline and daytime

2005

Hicks- Moore

QE

30 (9/21)

82.4 (70 - 101)

A nursing home

Relaxing music

Agitation

M-CMAI

Mean of agitated behaviors decreased with music

2006

Sung et al.

QE

57

-

A residential care facility

EG^*: Preferred music CG^*: No music

Agitation

CMAI^*

A significant reduction in overall CMAI. Physically non-aggressive behaviors in music group decreased compared to the no music group

2006

Sung et al.

RCT^*

36

77.61 (8.43)

A residential care facility

EG: Familiar music CG: No music

Agitation

M-CMAI

Agitation of the EG decreased significantly compared to CG and baseline

2008

Hicks- Moore & Robinson

3 * 3 repeated measures design

41

84.5 (6.0)

67 - 92

Three nursing homes

EG1: Favorite music (FM) EG2: Hand massage (HM) EG3: FM & HM CG: no treatment

Agitation

M-CMAI

Agitation significantly decreased in EG1, EG2, and EG3 immediately following the intervention but no significant difference in agitation over the groups

2009

Park & Specht

ABAB A: music B: no music

15

83.40 (10.26) 60 - 98

Home

Individualized and preferred music

Agitation

M-CMAI

Agitation significantly decreased while listening to music compared to baseline. No difference in agitation between music and no music weeks