(1) Adhoc methods

(2) Matrices methods

(3) Network methods

(4) Overlay methods

(5) Cost/benefit analysis

Ad hoc methods assess potential impacts by listing potential environmental parameters such as flora and fauna. These methods entail specialists identifying impacts in their area, taking into account long-term, short-term, reversible, and irreversible natures. Types of ad hoc methodology include the opinion poll, expert opinion, and Delphi methods.

A simple interaction matrix developed by Leopold et al. in 1971 lists 100 project actions and 88 environmental characteristics and conditions, providing a framework for understanding potential environmental impacts [57] .

The Checklist Methods used: Simple, Descriptive, Scaling and Scaling Weighting Checklist

The method used the matrix approach to identify primary and secondary impacts, resulting in the formation of an impact tree. This diagram, also known as a reference or sequence diagram, aids in the identification of cause-and-effect relationships and provides a visual representation of these relationships.

Overlay methods involve the creation of transparent maps to represent environmental characteristics, the collection of data on various variables, and the overlaid creation of a composite map. This map depicts the physical, social, ecological, and land-use characteristics of the area. The validity of the assessment is determined by the parameters chosen and the project alternatives.

Cost-benefit analysis is a systematic method for evaluating a project’s costs and benefits, estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives, and determining the best approach for achieving benefits while preserving savings. It is a standard tool for evaluating the economic analysis of development projects.