Parameter

Methodology

Turbidity

Turbidity was determined on-site with an MRC turbidimeter using duplicate sampling at all sampling points in line with [24] .

TSS

TSS was measured by collecting three 500 ml samples from each sampling point. Each sample set was mixed, and 500 ml taken from the composite. The composites were transported in a cool box for analysis in the Water Resources Authority (WRA) Regional laboratory in Kakamega.

Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

Soil samples from each site were determined for moisture content, total N, P, pH, OC and soil textural class. A duplicate 5 m × 5 m quadrat was established at each site 5 m from the riverbank. The 500 g composite soil samples were collected from each point on the quadrat using an auger at 0 to 15 cm and 15 cm to 30 cm depths (Figure 2). They were then mixed and transported in a cool box for determination at Kenya Agricultural and livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Laboratory, Kakamega.