Location

Time (m)

Skeletal extension (cm/y)

Method

Coral mortality

Reference

Jamaica

13

23.0

A frame

31% - 100%

[108]

Florida, USA

4

4.18 - 18.0

Lattice

17% (2 months)

[109]

Florida, USA

20 days

5.4 - 7.6

Cinder blocks

87% (2.5 cm size)

13% (3.5 cm size)

[110]

La Parguera, PR

3

-

A frame

2.5%

[46]

Guayanilla, PR

12

-

Nails, epoxy

12%

[57]

Guayanilla, PR

12

52.5

FUCA*

2.6% - 12.5%

[56]

Culebra, PR

12 (Y1)

12 (Y2)

15.4 - 37.0 (Y1)

21.3 - 49.7 (Y2)

A frame

HLN

16% - 43% (Y1, hurricane)

0.4% - 20.9% (Y2, storms)

This study