Author	Disease	Size, ethnicity, age of study population, and location	Findings
Leung and Chu (2003) [2]	Dental caries and periodontal status	196 12-year-old (118 Han and 78 from ethnic minorities, i.e. Muslims and Tibetans) in 3 primary schools in Hexi Townships, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous State, Qinghai Province	The prevalence of caries experience in Han children is significantly lower than that in Muslim and Tibetan children in rural Qinghai. Dental caries and caries treatment needs of Han and minority rural schoolchildren in Qinghai are low but their periodontal health status is unsatisfactory. Basic dental health care and preventive education for the children in this part of China is needed.
Li, et al. (2001) [3]	Child behavior problems	1222 rural mother-child pairs belonging to Hani, Yi, Hui, Miao and Han in 4 economically disadvantaged minority counties in Yunnan Province	The child behavior problems were prevalent in children aged 2 - 6 years in rural minority children of China. Ineffective family child-rearing practices increase risk for child behavior problems.
Li, et al. (1999) [4]	Protein-energy malnutrition	2019 children below 7 years belonging to ethnic minority groups and the Han major group in 4 poor rural minority counties in Yunnan Province	Protein-energy malnutrition is relatively high in the rural minority children of China. Chronic socioeconomic underdevelopment and genetic effects, rather than a severe or immediate lack of food, may lead to protein-energy malnutrition.
Hotta, et al. (2005) [5]	The risk factors for low Kaup index	1173 mother-child pairs in 36 villages of the Dai peoples’ autonomous region in Yunnan Province	The mother’s child-rearing behavior and social support were identified as risk factors. An offer of effective and abundant information to mothers, and the existence of professionals with whom mothers can consult immediately, were required to construct a better health system in the target area.
He, et al. (2014) [6]	General Obesity and Abdominal Obesity	8036 nomadic Kazakhs and rural Uyghur residents (≥18 years old) in 18 villages, Xinjiang, China, about 4407 km away from capital Beijing	Both general and abdominal obesity were common in rural ethnic Kazakhs and Uyghurs. The prevalence rates were different in these two minorities depending on ethnicity, gender, and age. Kazakhs, females and elderly people may be prioritized in prevention of obesity in western China.
Zhang, et al. (2013) [7]	Hypertension	2133 Bai ethnic adults aged 50 or above in rural communities in Dali, southwest China	Hypertension prevalence is high among the population of Bai ethnic group in China, while the associated risk factors of hypertension include overweight/obesity, cigarette smoking, history of hypertension, and older age. The percentages of hypertensive participants aware of their hypertension and those taking antihypertensive medications were low with an incredibly low proportion of hypertensive patients who kept their hypertension under control.
Cai, et al. (2011) [8]	Diabetes	2939 ethnic minorities individuals aged 18 and over in rural Yunnan province	Among diabetic respondents, those belonging to an ethnic minority had a lower probability of being aware they suffered from diabetes and being treated with antidiabetic medication than Han Chinese.
Zhao, et al. (2010) [9]	Metabolic syndrome	1612 rural original adults in rural Ningxia	The ethnic-specific prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 10.3% in Han ethnic group and 13.7% in Hui ethnic group. Components of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome were more common in Hui ethnic group than Han ethnic group in rural residents’ adults in Ningxia.