Amino acid

p-value

Processing

Raw

Popped

Fermented

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

% variation

Mean ± SD

% variation

Cysteine

0.0023^*

46.3 ± 6.0 a

29.4 ± 8.2 c

−37

38.9 ± 15. 0b

−16

Histidine

0.8097

35.3 ± 2.7

35.0 ± 1.3

-

34.6 ± 2.8

-

Isoleucine

0.1014

37.2 ± 3.0

33.7 ± 4.7

-

35.4 ± 3.2

-

Leucine

0.4034

62.5 ± 4.0

60.3 ± 4.3

-

60.8 ± 5.0

-

Lysine

0.0000^*

68.6 ± 5.6 a

44.0 ± 10.1 c

−36

55.0 ± 16.8 b

−20

Methionine

0.0062^*

26.1 ± 2.8 a

23.0 ± 4.1 b

−12

20.8 ± 5.1 b

−20

Phenylalanine

0.3940

43.2 ± 2.8

41.4 ± 3.3

-

41.4 ± 4.5

-

Threonine

0.0836

37.3 ± 3.1

35.1 ± 2.0

-

35.4 ± 3.3

-

Tyrosine

0.1473

49.5 ± 4.8

48.5 ± 2.7

-

45.7 ± 4.8

-

Valine

0.0832

43.9 ± 4.3

40.2 ± 5.5

-

42.2 ± 3.8

-

Alanine

0.3488

40.4 ± 4.2

38.7 ± 2.6

-

39.8 ± 2.6

-

Arginine

0.0003^*

104.2 ± 8.0 a

88.6 ± 11.9 b

−15

83.2 ± 15.1 b

−20

Aspartic acid

0.0191^*

89.9 ± 6.5 a

84.8 ± 2.7 b

−6

83.1 ± 5.5 b

−8

Glutamic acid

0.0711

189.6 ± 15.0

183.6 ± 6.8

-

176.3 ± 13.3

-

Glycine

0.6262

96.4 ± 7.1

93.8 ± 3.7

-

95.4 ± 7.3 a

-

Proline

0.0584

126.4 ± 23.0

112.9 ± 15.5

-

106.5 ± 8.4

-

Serine

0.0049^*

64.3 ± 5.6 a

59.1 ± 3.2 b

−8

57.2 ± 3.7 b

−11

Ammonia

0.1330

75.0 ± 10.6

71.9 ± 9.5

-

80.7 ± 10.3

-