| Lupinus polyphyllus invasive species | Lupinus angustifolius cultivated, rarely naturalizing | Galega orientalis invasive species | Galega officinalis cultivated, rarely naturalizing |
Average height, cm | 115 (61 - 150)* | 53 (36 - 71) | 118 (34 - 160)* | 40 - 90 |
Average number of lateral shoots | 1.7 (0 - 4) | 40 (3 - 151)* | 9 (7 - 10) | 10 (7 - 11) |
Total shoots length | 121 (61 - 239) | 197 (42 - 594)* | - | - |
Number of leaves per plant | 7 (3 - 8) | 150 (22 - 546)* | 29 (20 - 41) | 27 (19 - 39) |
Leaf surface, sq. mm | 8002* | 684 | - | - |
Assimilating surface, sq. cm | 560 | 1027* | - | - |
Average stoma square on upper leaf surface, sq. μm | 512* | 215 | 167* | 99 |
Average stoma square on lower leaf surface, sq. μm | 674* | 314 | 211 | 283 |
Permanent flowering/fruitng capacity | yes | no | no | no |
Pollination type | cross-pollinating entomophilous, facultative self-pollinating (4% - 5%) | self-pollinating | cross-pollinating entomo-philous, facultative self-pollinating (1.3% - 6%) | cross-pollinating entomo-philous, facultative self-pollinating |
Inflorescence length, cm | 39 (16 - 60) | 3 - 5 | 29 (15 - 39) | 18 (12 - 22) |
Flowers number per inflorescence | 80* | 4 - 7 | 62 (20 - 76) | 35 (21 - 43) |
Flower’s size (length of standard), mm | 14* | 10 | 8,5* | 6.9 |
Several anthesis periods | yes | no | no | no |
Average volume of pollen-grain, μm3 | 9765 | 14496* | 1750* | 1253 |
Pollen fertility | 95% | 95% | 98%* | 88% |
Number of beans per infructescence | 27 (14 - 59) | 11.5 | 50 (39 - 57) | 28 (15 - 41) |
Bean's length, cm | 2.3 - 4.5 | 1.6 - 2.0 | 2.7 (2.4 - 3.1) | 2.3 - 3.1 |
Number of seeds per bean | 4.8 (1 - 8)* | 3.3 | 3.4 (2 - 5)* | 2.6 (1 - 4) |
Number of seeds per plant | 103 (49 - 253)* | 39 | - | - |
Weight of 1000 seeds, g | 26 | 53 | 5 - 9 | 4 - 7 |
Germinating capacity of scarified seeds, % | 43 | 80* | 5 | 27* |
Germinating capacity of non-scarified seeds, % | 90 | 89 | 98 | 98 |
Vegetative propagation capabilities | Relatively low, caudex particulation | None (annual) | Very high-producing up to 18 long rhizomes (up to 50 cm long). Could form clones, occupying 25 sq. m | Relatively low: numerous rhizomes are very short (less than 2 cm long) |
Population density, shoots/sq.m | 20 - 30 | 10 - 15 | 150 - 230 | 110 - 170 |
Cultigeneous distribution range in the European part of Russia | Is cultivated in 86% of regions-especially wide in the Nort West provinces | Is meagrely cultivated as forage grass in four provinces only | Is cultivated in 86% of regions-especially wide in the Nort West provinces | Is cultivated as medicinal plant in three provinces only |