Lupinus polyphyllus

invasive species

Lupinus angustifolius

cultivated, rarely naturalizing

Galega orientalis

invasive species

Galega officinalis

cultivated, rarely naturalizing

Average height, cm

115 (61 - 150)*

53 (36 - 71)

118 (34 - 160)*

40 - 90

Average number of lateral shoots

1.7 (0 - 4)

40 (3 - 151)*

9 (7 - 10)

10 (7 - 11)

Total shoots length

121 (61 - 239)

197 (42 - 594)*

-

-

Number of leaves per plant

7 (3 - 8)

150 (22 - 546)*

29 (20 - 41)

27 (19 - 39)

Leaf surface, sq. mm

8002*

684

-

-

Assimilating surface, sq. cm

560

1027*

-

-

Average stoma square on upper leaf surface, sq. μm

512*

215

167*

99

Average stoma square on lower leaf surface, sq. μm

674*

314

211

283

Permanent flowering/fruitng capacity

yes

no

no

no

Pollination type

cross-pollinating entomophilous, facultative self-pollinating (4% - 5%)

self-pollinating

cross-pollinating entomo-philous, facultative self-pollinating (1.3% - 6%)

cross-pollinating entomo-philous, facultative self-pollinating

Inflorescence length, cm

39 (16 - 60)

3 - 5

29 (15 - 39)

18 (12 - 22)

Flowers number per inflorescence

80*

4 - 7

62 (20 - 76)

35 (21 - 43)

Flower’s size (length of standard), mm

14*

10

8,5*

6.9

Several anthesis periods

yes

no

no

no

Average volume of pollen-grain, μm3

9765

14496*

1750*

1253

Pollen fertility

95%

95%

98%*

88%

Number of beans per infructescence

27 (14 - 59)

11.5

50 (39 - 57)

28 (15 - 41)

Bean's length, cm

2.3 - 4.5

1.6 - 2.0

2.7 (2.4 - 3.1)

2.3 - 3.1

Number of seeds per bean

4.8 (1 - 8)*

3.3

3.4 (2 - 5)*

2.6 (1 - 4)

Number of seeds per plant

103 (49 - 253)*

39

-

-

Weight of 1000 seeds, g

26

53

5 - 9

4 - 7

Germinating capacity of scarified seeds, %

43

80*

5

27*

Germinating capacity of non-scarified seeds, %

90

89

98

98

Vegetative propagation capabilities

Relatively low, caudex particulation

None (annual)

Very high-producing up to 18 long rhizomes (up to 50 cm long). Could form clones, occupying 25 sq. m

Relatively low: numerous rhizomes are very short (less than 2 cm long)

Population density, shoots/sq.m

20 - 30

10 - 15

150 - 230

110 - 170

Cultigeneous distribution range in the European part of Russia

Is cultivated in 86% of regions-especially wide in the Nort West provinces

Is meagrely cultivated as forage grass in four provinces only

Is cultivated in 86% of regions-especially wide in the Nort West provinces

Is cultivated as medicinal plant in three provinces only