variables

direct effects

indirect effects

total effects

lnRGDP

−14.43***

(4.06)

35.51***

(9.68)

21.08**

(9.69)

lnRGDP²

1.60***

(0.41)

−3.73***

(0.99)

−2.13**

(0.99)

lnRGDP³

−0.06***

(0.01)

0.13***

(0.03)

0.07**

(0.03)

IS

−0.12***

(0.04)

0.12*

(0.11)

0.00

(0.14)

FDI

−1.96***

(0.68)

−2.05

(2.09)

−4.01*

(2.40)

URB

2.00***

(0.51)

1.69

(1.44)

3.69**

(1.67)

R&D

−11.86***

(3.81)

−24.57***

(8.84)

−36.43***

(10.66)

ELE

2.79***

(0.41)

3.18**

(1.33)

5.98***

(1.63)

lnPOP

1.29***

(0.25)

−2.77***

(0.62)

−1.48**

(0.65)