Summary of statin mediated pharmacological effects on pathological mechanisms in glaucoma

Glaucoma mechanism

Study type/tissue

Statin effect

Reference

Fibrosis

Rat renal tubular cells (in vitro)

Rat renal tubular cells Human airway fibroblasts (in vitro)

Human airway fibroblasts (in vitro)

Murine model, rat model (in vivo)

Murine model (in vivo)

Rabbit model, skin (in vivo)

Rat model, vascular smooth muscle cells (in vitro, in vivo)

Inhibit pressure-induced fibrotic response (decreased CTGF, TGF-β1, fibronectin, Smad, phospho-Smad3)

Reduce TGF-β induced expression of fibronectin, CTGF, α-SMA

Reduced collagen gel contraction

Reduced post-operative adhesions (via downregulation of TGF-β1, tPA, PAI-1)

Protect against tubulointestinal fibrosis injury via upregulation of eNOS/HSP70, and downregulation of Cav-1

Reduced hypertrophic scar formation (reduced CTGF expression)

Inhibit Ang-II-induced SMAD activation and related fibrosis

[4]

[4] - [6]

[6]

[66] [67]

[72]

[65]

[64]

Matrix remodelling

Murine model (in vivo)

Human mesangial cells (in vitro)

Primary human TM cells

Reduced post-infarct tissue remodelling

Inhibit Ang-II-induced downregulation of MMP-2. Inhibit Ang-II-induced upregulation of TIMP-2 and MMP-9. Reduce TGF-β, Fibronectin, Col-IV

Suppress SPARC expression

[74]

[64]

[74]

Cytokine production

Human vascular smooth muscle cells (in vitro)

Primary bronchial epithelial cells (in vitro)

Rat primary astrocytes, microglia, macrophages (in vitro)

Reduced basal and Ang-II-induced IL-8 production

Reduced IL-17-induced upregulation of IL-8, IL-6, VEGF. Reduced TGF-β1-induced upregulation of IL-6, MMP-2, MMP-9

Inhibit iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1beta, IL-6

[58]

[57]

[75]

Endothelial function

Human model (in vivo)

Improved cardiac endothelial function Decreased serum s-ICAM1, CRP, vWF

[51]

Oxidant response

Human model (in vivo)

Promote systemic anti-oxidant effects, via inhibition of myeloperoxidase-derived and nitric oxide-derived oxidants

[60]

Apoptosis

Murine model (in vivo)

Decreased myocyte apoptosis post-infarct

[73]

Ischaemia

Murine model (in vivo)

Improved retinal ganglion cell survival post ischaemic injury

[76]