Category

Goodman (1973)

Devine (1981)

Tien (1983)

Wang (2008)

No graphic

Similarity

10.8% for high

proficient group

1.3% for high

proficient group

62.8%

49%

No phonemic

Similarity

18.0% for high

proficient group

8% for high

proficient group

79.6%

73%