Characteristics

Author

An entrepreneur makes a financial investment with the aim of obtaining a pecuniary return.

Smith (1937)

An entrepreneur has a good ability to assess the importance of a product, the likely value of demand and the means for its production. At the same time, they must purchase raw materials, hire workers and find consumers. They must possess the skills of monitoring and management.

Chell (2008)

An entrepreneur must have the ability to visualize where opportunities exist for suppling new goods, meeting existing demands or planning the improvement in the production of existing goods.

Marshall (1920)

An entrepreneur trusts their judgment to make sound economic decisions within a scenario of uncertainty. Discernment is a value judgment constructed from experiences and practices, and avoids decisions based on intuition or personal instincts.

Knight (1921)

An entrepreneur creates new combinations that make it possible to build a business. The combination enables the emergence of innovations that can replace existing products.

Schumpeter (1934)

An entrepreneur is endowed with a subjective view of the environment and, through their imagination, visualizes opportunities. This visualization is the result of an interactive process of interpreting the socioeconomic environment.

Penrose (1959)

The entrepreneur employs their capital in the acquisition of buildings, machines, raw materials and labor for the purpose of production, reinvesting part of the gains obtained in the outstanding supply of stock.

Mill (1965)

The economic environment is not in balance. This imbalance causes market failures to emerge that are identified by agents having economic interests. Behind the failures, there are opportunities that can be taken advantage of in economic terms by these agents.

Kirzner (1998)

Changes that occur in the socioeconomic environment encourage entrepreneurs to create new businesses and generate innovations.

Stel et al. (2005)

Entrepreneurship is reflected in entrepreneur’ behavior, including undertaking the uncertainty of business, combining heterogeneous capital, building the structure of capital. Profit-driven entrepreneur unintentionally makes economic society progress. Entrepreneurship is not only relative with entrepreneur’s personal interest, but also economic society of the entire human.

Peng (2019)