| 1st author, year | Sex/Age | Sample size | Ethnicity | Multimorbidity (chronic diseases/conditions) |
| 1. Bähler et al. (2015) SWITZERLAND | 58.4 % female 46.4% male. 65 years and older. | N = 229,493 | German 75.9%, French 15.2%, Italian 8.7%, Rhaeto-Romansh 0.2% | 76.6% of the sample had two or more chronic diseases, specified as; Acid related disorders, Osteoporosis, Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases, Dementia, Diabetes mellitus, Epilepsy, Glaucoma, Gout/Hypereuricemia, HIV, Hyperlipidemia, Intestinal inflammatory diseases, Iron deficiency anemia, Migraines, Pain, Parkinson’s disease, Psychological disorders, Psychoses, Respiratory illness (asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonar Disease, COPD), Rheumatologic conditions, Thyroid disorders and Tuberculosis. |
| 2. Glynn et al. (2011) IRELAND | 50.9% female 49.1% male. 50 years and older. | N = 3309 | Predominantly white 99% | 66.2% of the total sample had two or more chronic diseases (>4). The diseases were not specified. |
| 3. Holzhausen et al. (2011) GERMANY | Sex not reported. 50 years and older. | N = 1481 N = 1552 | Not reported. | The sample was specified as having; Operations, Regular medication, Depression, Falls, Fractures, Medical care, Blood pressure, Weight, Height, Circumference of waist, calf, arm. |
| 4. Jowsey et al. (2013) AUSTRALIA | Sex not reported. 50 years and older. | N = 10,600 | Not reported. | The sample were specified with; Diabetes 2, Chronic heart failure and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
| 5. Nunes et al. (2015) BRAZIL | 62.8% female, 37.2% male. 60 years and older. | N = 1593
| White 78.6%, Black 8.7%, Brown/yellow/indigenous 12.7%. | The sample was specified as having; High blood pressure, Diabetes, Lung problems/disease, Stroke, Rheumatism, Arthritis or arthrosis, Disease in spinal column, Cancer, Kidney, Cognitive impairment, Depression, Urinary incontinence, Amputation, Poor eyesight, Impaired hearing, Difficulty chewing food, Falls. |
| 6. Orueta et al. (2014) SPAIN | 1,151.648 female, 1,111.050 male. 65 years and older. | N = 2,262,698 | Not reported. | 23.6% of the sample had two or more chronic diseases, but the diseases were not specified. |
| 7. Perruccio et al. (2011) USA | 62.2% female, 37.8% male. 65 years and older. | N = 958 | Not reported | The sample was specified as having; Stroke, Cancer, Heart attack, Congestive heart failure, High blood pressure, Diabetes, Kidney disease, Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, or other Lung disease, Ulcer or Stomach disease, Anemia or other Blood disease, Rheumatoid arthritis. |
| 8. Tooth et al. (2008) AUSTRALIA | 100% female. 73 years and older. | N = 10,434 | Not reported. | The sample was specified as having; Heart disease, Chest pain, Stroke, Hypertension, Fall causing serious injury, Fall requiring medical attention, Fall causing fractures, Urinary incontinence, Low iron, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Bronchitis/emphysema, Asthma, Diabetes, Skin cancer, Other cancers, Depression, Anxiety, Alzheimer. |
| 9. van Oostrom et al. (2014) NETHERLANDS | Sex not reported. 55 years and older. | N = 8,346 N = 32,583 | Not reported. | The sample was specified as having; Diabetes, Coronary heart disease, Osteoarthritis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonar Disease (COPD), Chronic back or Neck disorder, Cancer, Stroke, Depression, Heart failure, Anxiety disorder. |