Training

Testing

Firefly

GA

PSO

Firefly

GA

PSO

VAF

96.78%

92.94%

96.96%

98.62%

97.97%

98.52%

MSE

56.05

127.70

54.16

47.74

98.17

60.07

MAE

5.42

8.94

5.16

5.56

7.70

5.63

MMRE

0.41

0.53

0.39

0.24

0.29

0.23

RMSE

7.48

10.95

7.36

6.82

9.39

7.72

R²

0.9662

0.9229

0.9673

0.9823

0.9637

0.9778