| Characteristics | Research group (n = 89) | Control group (n = 89) | Statistics | P values |
| Sex |
|
| 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Male | 72 (80.90) | 17 (19.10) |
|
|
| Female | 72 (80.90) | 17 (19.10) |
|
|
| Age (years) | 58.54 ± 11.52 | 60.04 ± 10.77 | −0.901 | 0.369 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 3.00 (0.71, 7.00) | 3.00 (0.75, 7.00) | −0.063 | 0.950 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.50 (7.10, 10.60) | 8.12 (7.08, 9.82) | −1.095 | 0.273 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.11 (19.05, 24.37) | 25.31 (22.03, 27.41) | −6.173 | <0.001 |