Lactobacillus brevis producedmaximum lactic acid concentration (39.1 g/l) by the fermentation of acid hydrolysate of corncob with 56.9 g/l total sugars in 48 h. | [75] |
Rice husk | |
Through co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces stipitis, maximum 20.8 g/l of ethanol produced from rice husk hydrolyzate containing 70 g/l of reducing sugars | [76] |
Acid hydrolysate of rice husk fermented to xylitol by Candida guilliermondii and Candida tropicalis and highest yield of xylitol was achieved upto 64.0% (w/w). | [77] |
Maximam hydrogen yield (0.74 mmol H2/g-VS added straw) was obtained from anaerobic co-digestion of rice straw and sewage sludge | [50] |
Corncob | |
Cellulase activity observed (213.4 IU/g cellulose) in submerged fermentation by Trichoderma reeseiZU-02 using corn cob as substrate | [78] |
Fermentation of corncob hemicellulose powder containing 4.5 g/l as xylan content produced 3.01 g/l of xylitol by Candida tropicalis. | [79] |
Maximum 119 ml H2/g corn cob produced from enzymatic hydrolysate of corn cob by the fermentation through Clostridium hydrogeniproducens HR-1 | [80] |
Maize (corn) stover | |
Highest yields of endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and β-xylosidase were observed 304, 4.1, 0.140, 1840 and 0.041 U/g of corn stover by Fusarium oxysporum under SSF conditions | [81] |
Hydrolysis of corn stover released 97% of the sugars and fermented completely by Clostridium beijerinckii in 60 h resulting in a productivity of acetone-butanol (0.34 g∙L−1∙h−1). | [48] |
Total soluble sugar (562.1 mg/g-TVS) obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of acid pretreatment of cornstalk which produced maximum hydrogen yield (209.8 ml/g-TVS) achieved by anaerobic mixed microflora | [82] |
Highest biogas yield of 372.4 L/kg VS was obtained by anaerobic digestion of 5% NaOH-pretreated corn stover | [83] |
Highest methane yield of 216.7 and 206.6 mL CH4/g VS obtained from 3% H2O2 and 8% Ca(OH)2 treated corn straw by anaerobic digestion | [84] |
Sugarcane bagasse | |
FPase (24.15 U/gds) achieved in optimized conditions by Trichoderma reeseiRUT C30 using sugarcane bagasse as substrate under SSF | [85] |
Pretreated sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed by crude enzyme from Penicilliumchrysogenum BCC4504 and Aspergillus flavus BCC7179and bagasse hydrolysate was converted into ethanol (0.29 g ethanol/g available fermentable sugars). | [45] |
Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate converted into xylitol (yield 61.5%) byCandida guilliermondii FTI 20037. | [60] |
Hydrogen yield of 1.86 mol H2/mol total sugar achieved by the fermentation of acid hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse | [49] |
Paper mill sludge | |
Yield of cellulase (307 FPU/g glucan of de-ashed paper mill sludge) was achieved by Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was performed to produce 24.4 g/L of ethanol | [86] |
Fermentation by Pichia stipitis produced 18.6 g/L of ethanol from 178.6 g/L of dried recycled paper sludge with conversion yield of 51% of the available carbohydrates. | [87] |
In Semi-continuous simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of paper sludge containing 100 g/L cellulose equivalent, with 4 days residence time and 15FPU/g of cellulase loading, two strains of Bacillus coagulans produced 80.6 and 81.7 g/L of lactic acid respectively. | [88] |
Highest methane yield (0.32 m3 CH4/kg VS) was obtained from pretreated paper mill sludge | [89] |
Sunflower | |
Pretreated sunflower hulls hydrolyzed by cellulase from Trichoderma reesei Rut C 30 up to 59.8% saccharification yield and ethanol produced (0.454 g/g) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus using the concentrated hydrolyzate. | [90] |
Highest methane production (259 mL CH4/g VS) achieved after pretreatment of sunflower stalk at 55˚C with 4% NaOH by anaerobic digestion | [53] |
Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) |
|
Maximum ethanol yield (0.35 g/g sugars) obtained from water-hyacinth hemicellulose acid hydrolysate by Pichia stipitis NRRL Y-7124. | [91] |
Maximum saccharification yield (71%) obtained by using cellulases and xylanases from Trichodermareesei RUT C30 and Aspergillus niger MTCC 7956 and the hydrolyzate was converted into ethanol (4.4 g/L) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | [92] |