| Algeria | Egypt | South Africa |
Panel A: Total primary energy consumption |
|
|
|
ENER does not Granger cause CO2 | 19.240*** (0.0002) | 9.527*** (0.0085) | 15.260*** (0.0024) |
CO2 does cause ENER | 1.236 (0.7443) | 8.589** (0.0113) | 3.968 (0.1375) |
GDPC does not Granger cause CO2 | 22.202*** (0.0001) | 11.41*** (0.0033) | 7.649** (0.0218) |
CO2 does not cause Granger GDPC | 3.497 (0.3211) | 10.161*** (0.0062) | 4.430* (0.0863) |
ENER does not Granger cause GDPC | 9.381** (0.0246) | 10.122*** (0.0063) | 9.550*** (0.0093) |
GDPC does not Granger cause ENER | 73.386*** (0.0000) | 7.542** (0.0230) | 5.191* (0.746) |
Panel B: Coal consumption |
|
|
|
Coal does not Granger cause CO2 | 41.141*** (0.0000) | 5.651*** (0.0039) | 6.077** (0.0479) |
CO2 does not Granger cause Coal | 10.370** (0.0157) | 0.009 (0.9953) | 0.704 (0.7031) |
GDPC does not Granger cause CO2 | 16.655*** (0.0008) | 11.113*** (0.0003) | 7.675** (0.0215) |
CO2 does not Granger cause GDPC | 5.944 (0.114) | 6.781** (0.0337) | 12.346*** (0.0007) |
Coal does not Granger cause GDPC | 1.828 (0.607) | 8.747** (0.0126) | 28.572*** (0.0000) |
GDPC does not Granger cause coal | 3.429 (0.3300) | 7.637** (0.0220) | 5.101* (0.0780) |
Panel C: Oil consumption |
|
|
|
Oil does not Granger cause CO2 | 17.199*** (0.0018) | 4.809* (0.0903) | 6.433** (0.0401) |
CO2 does not Granger cause oil | 12.836** (0.0121) | 2.304 (0.3160) | 2.229 (0.3279) |
GDPC does not Granger cause CO2 | 8.474* (0.0757) | 6.648** (0.0360) | 7.276** (0.0263) |
CO2 does not Granger cause GDPC | 7.718 (0.1025) | 6.759** (0.0341) | 1.833 (0.3998) |
Oil does not Granger cause GDPC | 18.447*** (0.0010) | 13.258*** (0.0013) | 5.188* (0.0747) |