Crosscutting concept | How concept addressed by the women scientist diorama project | ||||
Connections to engineering, technology, and applications of science. |
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| Influence of science, engineering and technology on society and the natural world. |
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| People’s needs and wants change over time, as do their demands for new and improved technologies. (3-5-ETS1-1) | Joan Esnayra founded the psychological service dog society to provide assistance to veterans and others with posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental issues. | |||
| Engineers improve existing technologies or develop new ones to increase their benefits, decrease known risks, and meet societal demands. (3-5-ETS1-2) | Patricia Bath improved the technology of mechanically grinding away the clouded cornea to treat cataracts by inventing the Laserphaco probe, a faster, more accurate and less painful approach to cataract removal. | |||
| Interdependence of science, engineering, and technology. | ||||
| Knowledge of relevant scientific concepts and research findings is important in engineering. | Astronaut Ellen Ochoa earned degrees in science and engineering, working on optical systems and robotics for the space program before becoming the director of the Johnson Space Center. | |||
Connections to nature of science |
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| Science is a human endeavor. | ||||
| Most scientists and engineers work in teams. | Barbara McClintock worked with a team of botanists from South America to determine the evolution of maize. | |||
| Science affects everyday life. | Lisa Perez Jackson observed the inequities of clean air and water for people in impoverished communities; therefore, she worked to develop environmental protection agency regulations. | |||
| Scientific knowledge assumes an order and consistency in natural systems | ||||
| Science assumes consistent patterns in natural systems. | All of the women scientists examined patterns in some way to solve the problems they encountered. For example, crystallographers study X-ray diffraction patterns to determine arrangement of atoms. | |||
Patterns |
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| Similarities and differences in patterns can be used to sort and classify natural phenomena. | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin examined X-ray diffraction patterns to determine the crystal structure of vitamin B-12 and over 100 other compounds. | |||
| Similarities and differences in patterns can be used to sort and classify designed products. | Mary Leakey developed a classification system for the stone tools she excavated. | |||
Systems and system models |
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| A system can be described in terms of its components and their interactions. | Veterinarian Tolani Francisco worked within the natural interactive system of cattle and bison to determine the transmission of infectious diseases. | |||
Cause and effect |
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| Cause and effect relationships are routinely identified, tested, and used to explain change. | Barbara McClintock conducted genetic experiments with corn, observing the colors of corn kernels to determine her Nobel Prize-winning model of jumping genes. | |||
Scale, proportion, and quantity |
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| Natural objects exist from the very small to the immensely large. | Many of the scientists used microscopes (micro scale) or X-ray diffraction (nano scale) in their work; others explored large animals, industrial complexes and outer space (immense scale). | |||
Energy and matter |
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| Energy can be transferred in various ways between objects. | Lisa Perez Jackson has led the Apple Corporation to develop renewable energy sources for their facilities. | |||