Parameters | CTR | MD | BD | p value (ANOVA) |
Lutein (µmol/l) | 0.34 ± 0.14 | 0.26 ± 0.14a (−24%) | 0.27 ± 0.13a (−21%) | 0.038 |
Lycopene (µmol/l) | 0.68 ± 0.24 | 0.57 ± 0.22a (−16%) | 0.55 ± 0.19a (−19%) | 0.022 |
Beta-carotene (µmol/l) | 0.73 ± 0.49 | 0.45 ± 0.45a (−38%) | 0.43 ± 0.29a (−41%) | 0.003 |
Retinol (µmol/l) | 1.71 ± 0.54 | 1.54 ± 0.49 (−10%) | 1.57 ± 0.58 (−8%) | 0.445 |
Alpha-tocopherol (µmol/l) | 21.0 ± 4.5 | 20.1 ± 5.6 (−4%) | 20.7 ± 4.9 (−1%) | 0.791 |
oxLDL (µg/ml) | 1.31 ± 0.54 | 2.07 ± 1.73a (+58%) | 1.52 ± 1.14b (+16%) | 0.045 |
Homocysteine (µmol/l) | 11.52 ± 2.77 | 13.94 ± 5.29a (+21%) | 11.86 ± 4.15b (+3%) | 0.047 |