Independent Variables | Auditor Size (Mean) | Client Size (Mean) | |||||
Client’s attributes: | Mean | Std. | Big Na | Mid-Tierb | Other Non-Big N | Large Clientc | Small Clientd |
TA (million yen) | 255,144.57 | 796,194.64 | 297,269.57 | 92,865.40 | 83,557.41 | 300,104.15 | 182,178.65 |
IndPTA | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
SUBS | 2.09 | 1.25 | 2.17 | 1.83 | 1.75 | 2.18 | 1.95 |
FORN | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
ROI | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.02 | (0.00) | (0.02) | 0.02 | 0.01 |
LIQ | 0.78 | 0.17 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.78 |
LEV | 1.82 | 6.61 | 1.74 | 1.82 | 2.41 | 1.70 | 2.01 |
LOSS | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
GAAP | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Auditor’s attributes: |
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TEAM | 1.38 | 1.42 | 1.49 | 1.09 | 0.89 | 1.57 | 1.08 |
TENR | 2.63 | 1.56 | 2.45 | 3.24 | 3.44 | 2.72 | 2.49 |
NAF | 0.24 | 0.78 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.03 |
AISpec | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.12 |
DOMN | 9.76 | 4.10 | 9.82 | 9.82 | 9.26 | 10.21 | 9.02 |
Audit engagement’s attributes: |
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AOP | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
POW | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.51 | 0.91 | 0.06 | 0.42 |
DIST | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
GFC | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.07 |
REG | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.07 |
ACC | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 |