| variables | Group B (n = 230) | Group C (n = 183) | Group D (n = 123) | Group E (n = 83) | p |
| Male (%) | 153/77 (66.50%) | 123/60 (67.2%) | 80/43 (65.00%) | 48/35 (57.80%) | 0.477 |
| Age (y) | 55.73 ± 10.04 | 56.87 ± 10.35 | 55.08 ± 9.91 | 56.43 ± 9.76 | 0.439 |
| Duration of DM (y)* | 8 (3, 14) | 10 (5, 16) | 10 (5, 16) | 15 (7, 20) | 0.000 |
| Smoking (%) | 152/78 (66.10%) | 118/65 (64.50%) | 79/44 (64.20%) | 54/29 (65.10%) | 0.982 |
| Drinking (%) | 137/93 (59.60%) | 119/64 (36.83%) | 85/38 (69.10%) | 50/33 (60.20%) | 0.293 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 25.68 ± 3.26 | 26.04 ± 3.41 | 26.07 ± 3.06 | 27.03 ± 3.92 | 0.021 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 136 (124, 148) | 136.5 (123.75, 154.25) | 139 (125, 155) | 140 (129, 160) | 0.181 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 84 (76, 90) | 84 (75, 91) | 83 (75, 92) | 82 (73, 93) | 0.995 |
| GA (%)* | 19.50 (16.60, 23.43) | 21.30 (17.60, 25.60) | 22.50 (19.00, 27.30) | 24.00 (20.30, 27.90) | 0.000 |
| bA1C (%)* | 8.20 (7.18, 9.60) | 8.80 (7.50, 10.00) | 8.80 (7.80, 10.30) | 8.50 (7.30, 10.00) | 0.012 |
| GA/HbA1C* | 2.43 (2.24, 2.63) | 2.43 (2.22, 2.72) | 2.59 (2.37, 2.85) | 2.80 (2.59, 3.06) | 0.000 |
| C-peptide (fasting) (pmol/L)* | 1.70 (1.30, 2.20) | 1.50 (0.90, 2.00) | 1.20 (0.90, 1.80) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.50) | 0.000 |
| C-peptide 30 min (pmol/L)* | 2.30 (1.80, 3.13) | 2.10 (1.40, 3.20) | 1.90 (1.20, 2.70) | 1.50 (1.10, 2.20) | 0.000 |
| C-peptide 60 min (pmol/L)* | 3.55 (2.50, 4.90) | 2.90 (2.00, 4.60) | 2.80 (1.70, 3.80) | 2.50 (1.70, 3.40) | 0.000 |
| C-peptide 120 min (pmol/L)* | 4.70 (3.48, 6.53) | 4.30 (2.90, 6.10) | 3.60 (2.60, 5.20) | 3.60 (2.30, 4.70 | 0.000 |
| UACR (mg/mmol)* | 2.27 (1.69, 4.52) | 3.41 (2.27, 8.47) | 8.47 (3.02, 17.05) | 6.82 (2.27, 17.05) | 0.000 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.01 (4.47, 5.55) | 5.05 (4.35, 5.87) | 5.21 (4.36, 5.87) | 5.29 (4.37, 6.46) | 0.286 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.81 (1.16, 2.90) | 1.75 (1.24, 2.92) | 1.76 (1.13, 2.69) | 1.68 (1.13, 2.32) | 0.880 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.22 (1.04, 1.41) | 1.18 (1.05, 1.35) | 1.22 (1.01, 1.49) | 1.26 (1.01, 1.47) | 0.462 |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 2.99 (2.43, 3.35) | 2.95 (2.33, 3.58) | 3.03 (2.19, 3.88) | 3.11 (2.44, 4.06) | 0.529 |
| apoA (g/L) | 1.26 (1.12, 1.49) | 1.25 (1.16, 1.46) | 1.30 (1.14, 1.45) | 1.35 (1.09, 1.51) | 0.784 |
| apoB (g/L)* | 1.01 (0.90, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.31) | 0.877 |