Cardiovascular

Gastrointestinal

1) Stroke

2) Coronary heart disease

3) Hypertension

1) Gallbladder disease

2) Gastro-esophageal reflux disease

3) Hepatic, biliary and pancreatic disease

4) Cancers of the bowel, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), gall bladder and pancreas.

Endocrine

Type 2 diabetes

Genitourinary

Reproductive health

1) Chronic kidney disease

2) End-stage renal disease

3) Kidney cancer

4) Glomerulopathy

5) Kidney stones

6) Stress urinary incontinence (women)

1) Menstrual disorders

2) Miscarriage and poor pregnancy outcome

3) Infertility/subfertility

4) Breast cancer (postmenopausal women)

5) Endometrial cancer

6) Ovarian cancer

Pulmonary

Musculoskeletal

1) Obstructive sleep apnoea

2) Asthma

1) Osteoarthritis

2) Spinal disc disorders

Lower back pain

Disorders of soft-tissue structures such as tendons, fascia and cartilage

3) Mobility disability (particularly in older adults)

4) Impaired immune function

Mental health

1) Depression

2) Anxiety disorder

3) Reduced health-related quality of life

4) Disordered eating