Variable

Untreated (n = 52)

Treated (n = 168)

Dipper

n = 13

Non-dipper

n = 13

Reverse dipper

n = 6

p

Dipper

n = 50

Non-dipper

n = 101

Reverse dipper

n = 17

p

Age, years

44 ± 9.2

48.8 ± 12.4

58.8 ± 12.2

0.052

51.9 ± 10.5

56.6 ± 10.5

55.2 ± 13.9

0.046

Gender, n (%)

0.386

0.110

M

4 (30.8)

15 (45.5)

4 (66.7)

32 (64.0)

54 (53.5)

6 (35.3)

F

9 (69.2)

18 (54.5)

2 (33.3)

18 (36.0)

47 (46.8)

11 (64.7)

Alcohol, n (%)

9 (69.2)

10 (31.8)

3 ( 50.0)

0.066

15 (30.0)

39 (38.6)

4 (23.5)

0.352

Smoking, n (%)

2 (15.4)

3 (9.4)

1 (16.4)

0.543

5 (10.0)

15 (14.9)

2 (11.8)

0.750

Diabetes, n (%)

2 (15.4)

10 (30.3)

1 (16.7)

0.563

17 (34.0)

28 (27.7)

9 (52.9)

0.112

BMI, Kg/m²

26.7 ± 5.2

29.8 ± 5.1

27.6 ± 2.6

0.138

28.6 ± 3.7

28.7 ± 4.6

30.7 ± 5.4

0.221

Obesity, n (%)

1 (7.7)

16 (48.5)

0 (0.0)

0.003

2 (4.0).

32 (31.7)

10 (58.8)

0.055

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

6 (44.2)

19 (57.6)

2 (33.3)

0.114

20 (40.0)

52 (51.5)

10 (58.8)

0.286

Daytime BP

SBP (mmHg)

130.1 ± 8.8

135.5 ± 11.1

130.7 ± 7.1

0.219

133.5 ± 7.7

134.5 ± 14.3

138.6 ± 17.0

0.379

DBP (mmHg)

86.8 ± 7.1

89.5 ± 8.8

81.8 ± 5.2

0.096

89.6 ± 8.7

88.5 ± 11.3

85.1 ± 13.1

0.853

Nighttime BP

SBP (mmHg)

113.9 ± 8.3

130.6 ± 14.0

132.8 ± 17.7

0.001

116.4 ± 7.5

130.7 ± 16.2

146.9 ± 18.6

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

71.8 ± 6.4

81.0 ± 9.1

70.3 ± 26.9

0.022

73.8 ± 7.6

80.7 ± 11.2

90.4 ± 13.5

<0.001

24 h BP

SBP (mmHg)

126.5 ± 8.7

134.5 ± 11.7

132.5 ± 6.8

0.081

129.9 ± 8.0

133.7 ± 14.5

140.5 ± 17.3

0.016

DBP (mmHg)

83.2 ± 7.0

87.6 ± 8.9

81.5 ± 5.7

0.115

86.0 ± 8.5

87.3 ± 11.5

89.3 ± 12.9

0.533

LVH, n (%)

2 (15.4)

11 (35.5)

4 (80)

0.036

13 (26.0)

51 (51.5)

7 (43.8)

0.011

Hypertensive retinopathy, n (%)

2 (15.4)

11 (35.5)

3 (50)

0.288

15 (31.3)

36 (37.5)

10 (62.5)

0.031