Soil Type

Passive Restoration

Active Restoration

Reference Forest

F (p)

C (%)

7.29 ± 1.15

7.84 ± 1.10

7.85 ± 1.97

1.13 (0.3752)

N (%)

0.58 ± 0.08

0.66 ± 0.08

0.62 ± 0.15

1.23 (0.3476)

OM (%)

17.59 ± 2.57

19.26 ± 2.65

19.15 ± 4.87

0.87 (0.4595)

pH

5.42 ± 0.07 ab

5.24 ± 0.10 b

5.53 ± 0.22 a

8.22 (0.0140)

CEC (meq/100 g)

13.05 ± 2.54 b

14.16 ± 3.04 b

22.78 ± 3.06 a

8.47 (0.0133)

Bray II P (mg/kg)

10.20 ± 1.98

8.40 ± 0.51

11.00 ± 1.29

1.43 (0.3020)

Ca (mg/kg)

1124 ± 215 b

1180 ± 223 b

2112 ± 88 a

7.61 (0.0176)

Mg (mg/kg)

196.8 ± 25.2 b

171.4 ± 30.8 b

398.3 ± 24.3 a

19.89 (0.0010)

K (mg/kg)

177.8 ± 34.6 a

84.2 ± 15.0 b

213.0 ± 27.4 a

5.36 (0.0475)

Na (mg/kg)

26.80 ± 0.66

29.80 ± 1.24

28.00 ± 2.48

1.80 (0.2307)

Base saturation (%)

61.05 ± 2.12 ab

55.28 ± 3.14 b

64.41 ± 3.55 a

8.24 (0.0140)

Fe (mg/kg)

68.6 ± 15.8 ab

53 ± 13.74 b

88.75 ± 25.47 a

4.77 (0.0490)

Mn (mg/kg)

22.60 ± 7.97

23.80 ± 11.66

25.50 ± 3.71

0.02 (0.9834)

Cu (mg/kg)

7.42 ± 0.7 a

7.51 ± 0.72 a

5.48 ± 0.51 b

7.00 (0.0232)

Zn (mg/kg)

2.46 ± 0.80

1.87 ± 0.37

3.24 ± 0.62

1.10 (0.3795)

Al (mg/kg)

1912 ± 113

2035 ± 96

1716 ± 74

3.29 (0.1000)