| Authors (year)/ROB | The factors associated with LDH | |||||
| BMI P value Mean (SD) | DM P value | Employment status Mean (SD) | Education P value | Lifestyle P value | Health problems/psychology P value | |
| Ghasemi et al. (2016)/low | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kanat et al. (2012)/low | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Gao et al. (2021)/moderate | P > 0.38 | P > (0.46) | - | - | Smoking (P > 0.30) | - |
| Rajnics et al. (2002)/low | 25.43 (SD 2.4) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Chen et al. (2006)/high | 20.86 (SD 1.9) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kuai et al. (2017)/low | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Choi et al. (2022)/low | P >0.38 | - | - | - | Smoking (P > 0.08), Regular exercise (P > 0.62) | - |
| Van et al. (2010)/moderate | - | - | 72 (SD 0.6) | - | - | Back pain (P < 0.03), leg pain (P < 0.02) |
| Svensson et al. (2011)/low | - | - | P > 0.07 | - | - | Back pain (P < 0.001), leg pain (P < 0.01) |
| Yilmaz et al. (2018)/high | 28.12 (SD 4.7) | - | - | P < 0.01 | - | Mental health (OR 0.98) |
| Alshammari et al. (2022)/moderate | - | - | - | - | - | - |