Mean

Ecart type

Min

Max

N

COD

0.04

0.03

0.001

0.08

290

BDSIZE

8.7

2.10

5

12

290

BDIND

0.75

0.28

0

1

290

ACIND

0.59

0.42

0

1

290

MANAG

0.05

0.09

0

0.4

290

INSTIT

0.11

0.18

0

0.88

290

SIZE

17.7

1.02

13.09

19.67

290

ROA

0.06

0.07

−0.25

0.33

290

LEV

0.47

0.24

0.01

1

290

Variables dichotomiques

Frequency

%

AUDCOM

1: if there is an audit committee

19

82.61

0: otherwise

4

17.39

BLOCK

1: if there is a large shareholder holding more than 50 % of equity

11

47.83

0: otherwise

12

52.17

BIG4

1: if an audit report is signed by at least one auditor representing one of the Big 4 audit firms

9

39.13

0: otherwise

14

60.87