Author year,

country

Aim and research questions

Sample

Method/design

measurements

Analysis

Validity/reliability

1. Anthony (2007)

USA

To identify factors that influence the self-advocacy expression of elderly African Americans.

N = 100.

Mixed method.

MHLCS,

PGCMS.

Descriptive statistics.

Small sample size prevents generalization

2. Alma et al. (2012)

UK

To investigate the impact of a multidisciplinary group rehabilitation programme for visually impaired elderly patients on four aspects of participation: frequency of performance, restrictions, satisfaction and autonomy outdoors.

N = 29

Cross sectional.

VIPP,

USER-P,

IPA.

Self-report

Questionnaires.

SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.

Non-response analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and chi-square tests.

N = 3, drop out.

Level of significance (p) was set at 0.10 because of the small sample size.

The instruments were described as valid.

3. Dewing (2006) UK

To facilitate multi-disciplinary practitioners in the practice development group to actively learn through a different form of engagement with older people outside the usual “patient” and “caregiver” roles.

N = 18

N = 12

PCQ, SQ.

Likert scale

Small sample size.

4. Heisler et al. (2002)

USA.

To assess the influence of patients’ evaluation of their physicians’ participatory

decision-making style, rating of physician communication and reported understanding of diabetes self-care and management.

N = 1314

Cross-sectional.

DQIP,

PDM,

PDCOM,

PPDD,

ABIM,

TIBI.

Self-report questionnaires.

Multiple regression analysis.

The result of this study cannot be generalized to younger or predominantly female populations. The design was necessary to detect the causal relations.

5. Maly et al. (2004) USA

To identify the impact of patient age and patient-physician communication on the participation of older breast cancer patients in treatment decision-making

N = 222

Cross-sectional.

7-point Likert scale,

SIISS,

ES,

SPB,

PEPPI.

Self-report

questionnaires.

Multiple logistic regression analyses.

Cronbach’s alpha for the scale in this sample was 0.94.

Not a probability sample. External generalizability was limited.

Recall bias was a potential confounder.

6. Pipe et al. (2005) USA

To investigate demographics and perceptions of shared decision-making as factors contributing to patient satisfaction in older adults.

N = 611

Longitudinal survey. Two waves of a postal questionnaire.

PICS, SWD.

Self-report questionnaires.

Multiple regression,

descriptive and inferential statistics.

Cronbach’s alpha-0.73.

Response rate 48.7%.

PICS was a valid instrument. Adequate statistical power.

A larger sample size would increase generalizability. The sample was homogeneous.

Confounding variables could not be accounted for in this secondary analysis.

7. Tariman et al. (2014) USA

To describe the decision-making preferences of older adults newly diagnosed with symptomatic myeloma and to explore the association between sociodemographic variables and decisional role preferences.

N = 20.

Cross-sectional.

CPS.

Self-report questionnaires.

*SPSS version 18.

Small sample size limits the generalizability.

CPS scale was a valid tool.