Variable

Index

Relatives

Controls

Test between groups

p-value

n = 66

n = 55

n = 358

Index vs relatives

Index vs controls

Relatives vs controls

Sex

Female

38 (58%)

37 (67%)

201 (56%)

Male

28 (42%)

18 (33%)

157 (44%)

0.365

0.925

0.152

Presenting symptom VUR

Pyelonephritis

61 (94%)

36 (69%)

308 (90%)

Pre- and postnatal screening

2 (3%)

14 (27%)

25 (7%)

Other symptoms

2 (3%)

2 (4%)

9 (3%)

0.001

0.449

<0.0001

Age at presentation (months)

8 (0.1 - 84)

7.0 (0.1 - 98)

8 (0 - 141)

0.674

0.637

0.893

Grade of reflux

I

2 (3%)

4 (8%)

9 (3%)

II

7 (11%)

11 (23%)

42 (12%)

III

21 (32%)

22 (45%)

123 (34%)

IV

24 (36%)

8 (16%)

140 (39%)

V

12 (18%)

4 (8%)

44 (12%)

0.002

0.436

0.0003

Grade of reflux at follow up

0 - II

18 (32%)

18 (47%)

III - V

38 (68%)

18 (53%)

0.136

Recurrent UTIs

No

27 (44%)

20 (47%)

168 (50%)

Yes

35 (56%)

23 (53%)

171 (50%)

0.919

0.465

0.831

Renal abnormality

No

18 (28%)

13 (36%)

90 (26%)

Yes

46 (72%)

23 (64%)

255 (74%)

0.543

0.840

0.276

Total renal function

Normal

50 (82%)

34 (79%)

226 (87%)

Subnormal

11 (18%)

9 (21%)

33 (13%)

0.900

0.378

0.235