Variables

(LPM)

Probit Model 1

Probit Model 2

Probit Model 3

Probit Model 4

Fraction of education expenditure (E) to the total expenditure (TE)

0.455***

(0.001)

1.103***

(0.000)

1.037***

(0.000)

1.248***

(0.000)

1.182***

(0.000)

Fraction of health E to the TE

0.029

(0845)

−0.385***

(0.002)

−0.190*

(0.130)

0.038

(0.777)

0.064

(0.639)

Fraction of the food E to the TE

−0.088

(0.488)

−0.453***

(0.000)

−0.230**

(0.025)

−0.055

(0.621)

−0.023

(0.836)

Fraction of the recreation E to the TE

−0.234

(0.671)

0.022

(0.987)

−0.385

(0.779)

0.186

(0.911)

0.326

(0.851)

Fraction of the alcohol and tobacco E to the TE

−0.337**

(0.047)

−0.627***

(0.000)

−0.362***

(0.006)

−0.211*

(0.133)

−0.157

(0.266)

Fraction of the transportation E to the TE

0.097

(0.493)

−0.183

(0.141)

−0.011

(0.926)

0.121

(0.364)

0.156

(0.242)

Fraction of the communication E to the TE

−0.086

(0.718)

−0.014

(0.941)

−0.120

(0.560)

−0.095

(0.630)

−0.107

(0.587)

Child characteristics

Male

−0.035***

(0.002)

−0.037***

(0.000)

−0.035***

(0.000)

−0.032***

(0.002)

−0.031***

(0.003)

Age

0.017***

(0.000)

0.014***

(0.000)

0.014***

(0.000)

0.014***

(0.000)

0.014***

(0.000)

Grandchild of the hhh

0.041*

(0.120)

0.020

(0.233)

0.035*

(0.061)

0.036*

(0.066)

0.034*

(0.086)

Sister or brother of hhh

0.022

(0.772)

0.036

(0.441

0.025

(0.604)

0.022

(0.626)

0.024

(0.643)

Other relative of the hhh

0.014

(0.613)

0.018

(0.445)

0.010

(0.671)

0.013

(0.621)

0.011

(0.666)

Non relative of the hhh

−0.110

(0.241)

−0.172**

(0.051)

−0.162*

(0.065)

−0.168*

(0.073)

−0.160*

(0.084)

Father in the hh

0.156*

(00098)

0.873

(0.963)

0.808

(0.953)

0.833

(0.974)

0.852

(0.977)

Father out of the hh

0.018

(0.415)

0.030*

(0.085)

0.026*

(0.127)

0.019

(0.318)

0.018

(0.320)

Father unknown

0.095**

(0.053)

0.076***

(0.011)

0.065**

(0.047)

0.076**

(0.015)

0.074**

(0.022)

Mother out of the household

0.066**

(0.029)

0.055***

(0.005)

0.048***

(0.013)

0.049**

(0.017)

0.049***

(0.008)

Mother in the household

0.084

(0.612)

0.109

(0.518)

0.108

(0.496)

0.079

(0.613)

0.071

(0.640)

Mother unknown

−0.182

(0.209)

−0.161

(0.362)

−0.171l

(0.345)

−0.213

(0.293)

−0.227

(0.274)

Father primary education

0.094***

(0.003)

0.078***

(0.000)

0.069***

(0.000)

0.064***

(0.000)

0.058***

(0.001)

Father secondary education

0.150***

(0.000)

0.120***

(0.000)

0.120***

(0.000)

0.105***

(0.000)

0.101***

(0.000)

Father > secondary education

0.079

(0.333)

0.095***

(0.003)

0.073*

(0.116)

0.048

(0.502)

0.042

(0.561)

Mother primary education

0.037

(0.170)

0.029*

(0.118)

0.025

(0.171)

0.010

(0.613)

0.012

(0.550)

Mother secondary education

0.061*

(0.087)

0.089***

(0.000)

0.087***

(0.000)

0.074***

(0.014)

0.077***

(0.007)

Mother high education

0.097**

(0.040)

-

-

Household size

0.000

(0.726)

0.000

(0.926)

−0.000

(0.729)

0.000

(0.849)

Household head (HHH) age

−0.001*

(0.112)

−0.000

(0.660)

−0.000

(0.387)

−0.001

(0.331)

HHH male

−0.020

(0.456)

−0.008

(0.729)

−0.016

(0.476)

−0.018

(0.424)

HHH polygamy

−0.035**

(0.052)

−0.034**

(0.038)

−0.034**

(0.048)

−0.031*

(0.070)

HHH living together

−0.122***

(0.000)

−0.116***

(0.000)

−0.108***

(0.000)

−0.105***

(0.000)

HHH separate or single

−0.042*

(0.104).

−0.036

(0.157)

−0.032

(0.227)

−0.036

(0.179)

HHH government employee

0.068***

(0.001)

0.064***

(0.001)

0.076***

(0.000)

0.080***

(0.000)

HHH private sector employee

−0.004

(0.847)

−0.018

(0.552)

−0.021

(0485)

HHH other employee

0.069***

(0.000)

0.068***

(0.000)

0.066***

(0.000)

HHH unemployment

0.040

(0.167)

0.044**

(0.025)

0.033

(0.165)

0.029

(0.232)

HHH father primary education

0.014

(0.347)

0.018*

(0.138)

0.015

(0.242)

0.014

(0.275)

HHH father secondary ed

−0.005

(0.877)

0.002

(0.954)

−0.006

(0.893)

−0.001

(0.988)

HHH father > secondary ed

0.055

(0.287)

0.064

(0.239)

−0.006

(0.893)

0.088**

(0.019)

HHH mother primary education

0.046***

(0.005)

0.051***

(0.000)

−0.055***

(0.000)

0.051***

(0.000)

HHH mother secondary education

0.084***

(0.013)

0.078***

(0.005)

0.098***

(0.000)

0.096***

(0.000)

HHH mother > secondary education

0.016

(0.829)

-

-

-

Food worry for past 7 days

−0.025*

(0.061)

−0.023**

(0.051)

−0.022*

(0.060)

Food difficulties within a year

0.010

(0.538)

0.008

(0.508)

0.010

(0.431)

Hh minutes for fetching water

0.000

(0.588)

Lamp as source of light

−0.008

(0.577)

−0.045**

(0.029)

−0.036*

(0.095)

Firewood as source of light

−0.191***

(0.002)

−0.207***

(0.007)

−0.180**

(0.032)

Other sources of light

−0.169***

(0.000)

−0.201***

(0.000)

−0.180***

(0.000)

Hh live in the house freely

−0.067**

(0.015)

−0.067**

(0.023)

−0.074***

(0.014)

Hh rent a house

0.020

(0.305)

0.031

(0.166)

0.027

(0.256)

A member of hh fishing

0.056**

(0.025)

0.039**

(0.035)

0.040**

(0.029)

Hh cultivate plot

−0.0.13

(0.470)

−0.011

(0.591)

−0.001

(0.973)

Hh earn uncultivated plot

−0.008

(0.643)

−0.004

(0.792)

−0.007

(0.620)

Hh earn livestock

0.055***

(0.001)

0.031**

(0.024)

0.038***

(0.011)

Percentage of agricultural land near hh

−0.000*

(0.087)

−0.000

(0.145)

0.000*

(0.057)

Distance to town (Km)

−0.001***

(0.006)

−0.000***

(0.007)

Distance to the market

0.000*

(0.098)

0.000*

(0.069)

Distance to border

−0.000***

(0.003)

−0.000***

(0.010)

Distance to the trunk road

0.000

(0.689)

0.000

(0.489)

Distance to the district headquarter

0.000

(0.476)

0.000

(0.749)

urban

0.048***

(0.000)

0.049***

(0.002)

mainland

0.022

(0.369)

0.035

(0.188)

Number of obs

Log likelyhood

Prpb > chi2/Prob > F

Pseudo R2/R2

3860

0.000

0.138

4120

−1608.5

0.000

0.117

4118

−1551.7

0.000

0.148

3854

−1460.8

0.000

0.166

3854

−1449.0

0.000

0.173