Variables | (LPM) | Probit Model 1 | Probit Model 2 | Probit Model 3 | Probit Model 4 |
Fraction of education expenditure (E) to the total expenditure (TE) | 0.455*** (0.001) | 1.103*** (0.000) | 1.037*** (0.000) | 1.248*** (0.000) | 1.182*** (0.000) |
Fraction of health E to the TE | 0.029 (0845) | −0.385*** (0.002) | −0.190* (0.130) | 0.038 (0.777) | 0.064 (0.639) |
Fraction of the food E to the TE | −0.088 (0.488) | −0.453*** (0.000) | −0.230** (0.025) | −0.055 (0.621) | −0.023 (0.836) |
Fraction of the recreation E to the TE | −0.234 (0.671) | 0.022 (0.987) | −0.385 (0.779) | 0.186 (0.911) | 0.326 (0.851) |
Fraction of the alcohol and tobacco E to the TE | −0.337** (0.047) | −0.627*** (0.000) | −0.362*** (0.006) | −0.211* (0.133) | −0.157 (0.266) |
Fraction of the transportation E to the TE | 0.097 (0.493) | −0.183 (0.141) | −0.011 (0.926) | 0.121 (0.364) | 0.156 (0.242) |
Fraction of the communication E to the TE | −0.086 (0.718) | −0.014 (0.941) | −0.120 (0.560) | −0.095 (0.630) | −0.107 (0.587) |
Child characteristics |
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|
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|
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Male | −0.035*** (0.002) | −0.037*** (0.000) | −0.035*** (0.000) | −0.032*** (0.002) | −0.031*** (0.003) |
Age | 0.017*** (0.000) | 0.014*** (0.000) | 0.014*** (0.000) | 0.014*** (0.000) | 0.014*** (0.000) |
Grandchild of the hhh | 0.041* (0.120) | 0.020 (0.233) | 0.035* (0.061) | 0.036* (0.066) | 0.034* (0.086) |
Sister or brother of hhh | 0.022 (0.772) | 0.036 (0.441 | 0.025 (0.604) | 0.022 (0.626) | 0.024 (0.643) |
Other relative of the hhh | 0.014 (0.613) | 0.018 (0.445) | 0.010 (0.671) | 0.013 (0.621) | 0.011 (0.666) |
Non relative of the hhh | −0.110 (0.241) | −0.172** (0.051) | −0.162* (0.065) | −0.168* (0.073) | −0.160* (0.084) |
Father in the hh | 0.156* (00098) | 0.873 (0.963) | 0.808 (0.953) | 0.833 (0.974) | 0.852 (0.977) |
Father out of the hh | 0.018 (0.415) | 0.030* (0.085) | 0.026* (0.127) | 0.019 (0.318) | 0.018 (0.320) |
Father unknown | 0.095** (0.053) | 0.076*** (0.011) | 0.065** (0.047) | 0.076** (0.015) | 0.074** (0.022) |
Mother out of the household | 0.066** (0.029) | 0.055*** (0.005) | 0.048*** (0.013) | 0.049** (0.017) | 0.049*** (0.008) |
Mother in the household | 0.084 (0.612) | 0.109 (0.518) | 0.108 (0.496) | 0.079 (0.613) | 0.071 (0.640) |
Mother unknown | −0.182 (0.209) | −0.161 (0.362) | −0.171l (0.345) | −0.213 (0.293) | −0.227 (0.274) |
Father primary education | 0.094*** (0.003) | 0.078*** (0.000) | 0.069*** (0.000) | 0.064*** (0.000) | 0.058*** (0.001) |
Father secondary education | 0.150*** (0.000) | 0.120*** (0.000) | 0.120*** (0.000) | 0.105*** (0.000) | 0.101*** (0.000) |
Father > secondary education | 0.079 (0.333) | 0.095*** (0.003) | 0.073* (0.116) | 0.048 (0.502) | 0.042 (0.561) |
Mother primary education | 0.037 (0.170) | 0.029* (0.118) | 0.025 (0.171) | 0.010 (0.613) | 0.012 (0.550) |
Mother secondary education | 0.061* (0.087) | 0.089*** (0.000) | 0.087*** (0.000) | 0.074*** (0.014) | 0.077*** (0.007) |
Mother high education | 0.097** (0.040) | - | - |
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Household size | 0.000 (0.726) |
| 0.000 (0.926) | −0.000 (0.729) | 0.000 (0.849) |
Household head (HHH) age | −0.001* (0.112) |
| −0.000 (0.660) | −0.000 (0.387) | −0.001 (0.331) |
HHH male | −0.020 (0.456) |
| −0.008 (0.729) | −0.016 (0.476) | −0.018 (0.424) |
HHH polygamy | −0.035** (0.052) |
| −0.034** (0.038) | −0.034** (0.048) | −0.031* (0.070) |
HHH living together | −0.122*** (0.000) |
| −0.116*** (0.000) | −0.108*** (0.000) | −0.105*** (0.000) |
HHH separate or single | −0.042* (0.104). |
| −0.036 (0.157) | −0.032 (0.227) | −0.036 (0.179) |
HHH government employee | 0.068*** (0.001) |
| 0.064*** (0.001) | 0.076*** (0.000) | 0.080*** (0.000) |
HHH private sector employee |
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| −0.004 (0.847) | −0.018 (0.552) | −0.021 (0485) |
HHH other employee |
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| 0.069*** (0.000) | 0.068*** (0.000) | 0.066*** (0.000) |
HHH unemployment | 0.040 (0.167) |
| 0.044** (0.025) | 0.033 (0.165) | 0.029 (0.232) |
HHH father primary education | 0.014 (0.347) |
| 0.018* (0.138) | 0.015 (0.242) | 0.014 (0.275) |
HHH father secondary ed | −0.005 (0.877) |
| 0.002 (0.954) | −0.006 (0.893) | −0.001 (0.988) |
HHH father > secondary ed | 0.055 (0.287) |
| 0.064 (0.239) | −0.006 (0.893) | 0.088** (0.019) |
HHH mother primary education | 0.046*** (0.005) |
| 0.051*** (0.000) | −0.055*** (0.000) | 0.051*** (0.000) |
HHH mother secondary education | 0.084*** (0.013) |
| 0.078*** (0.005) | 0.098*** (0.000) | 0.096*** (0.000) |
HHH mother > secondary education | 0.016 (0.829) |
| - | - | - |
Food worry for past 7 days | −0.025* (0.061) |
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| −0.023** (0.051) | −0.022* (0.060) |
Food difficulties within a year | 0.010 (0.538) |
|
| 0.008 (0.508) | 0.010 (0.431) |
Hh minutes for fetching water |
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|
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| 0.000 (0.588) |
Lamp as source of light | −0.008 (0.577) |
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| −0.045** (0.029) | −0.036* (0.095) |
Firewood as source of light | −0.191*** (0.002) |
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| −0.207*** (0.007) | −0.180** (0.032) |
Other sources of light | −0.169*** (0.000) |
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| −0.201*** (0.000) | −0.180*** (0.000) |
Hh live in the house freely | −0.067** (0.015) |
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| −0.067** (0.023) | −0.074*** (0.014) |
Hh rent a house | 0.020 (0.305) |
|
| 0.031 (0.166) | 0.027 (0.256) |
A member of hh fishing | 0.056** (0.025) |
|
| 0.039** (0.035) | 0.040** (0.029) |
Hh cultivate plot | −0.0.13 (0.470) |
|
| −0.011 (0.591) | −0.001 (0.973) |
Hh earn uncultivated plot | −0.008 (0.643) |
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| −0.004 (0.792) | −0.007 (0.620) |
Hh earn livestock | 0.055*** (0.001) |
|
| 0.031** (0.024) | 0.038*** (0.011) |
Percentage of agricultural land near hh | −0.000* (0.087) |
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| −0.000 (0.145) | 0.000* (0.057) |
Distance to town (Km) | −0.001*** (0.006) |
|
|
| −0.000*** (0.007) |
Distance to the market | 0.000* (0.098) |
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|
| 0.000* (0.069) |
Distance to border | −0.000*** (0.003) |
|
|
| −0.000*** (0.010) |
Distance to the trunk road | 0.000 (0.689) |
|
|
| 0.000 (0.489) |
Distance to the district headquarter | 0.000 (0.476) |
|
|
| 0.000 (0.749) |
urban | 0.048*** (0.000) |
|
|
| 0.049*** (0.002) |
mainland | 0.022 (0.369) |
|
|
| 0.035 (0.188) |
Number of obs Log likelyhood Prpb > chi2/Prob > F Pseudo R2/R2 | 3860 0.000 0.138
| 4120 −1608.5 0.000 0.117 | 4118 −1551.7 0.000 0.148 | 3854 −1460.8 0.000 0.166 | 3854 −1449.0 0.000 0.173 |