Code

Indicator

Variable

Statement or variable description

1

Livelihood protection threshold

Survival

There has been a positive change in household capacity to meet their survival threshold resulting from growing avocado (which is a perennial crop) compared to annual crop farming

Protection

There has been a positive change in the capacity of households to meet their livelihood protection threshold due to improved earnings from avocado production

Restore

There has been a substantial improvement in the restoration of livelihoods compared with the conventional crop production

Coping strategies

There has been a positive change in households’ coping strategies following the engagement in the production of avocado for export

2

Ownership and access to productive asset

Improvement in asset quality

There has been a positive change in the quality of productive assets owned or accessed by farmers, following earning more income from avocado production

Ownership of, and access to productive assets

There has been an increase in ownership and access to productive assets as a result of earning more money from avocado production

Ability to recover lost assets

There has been a significant improvement in the ability of smallholder farmers to recover the lost livelihood productive assets and infrastructure as a result of earning more income from avocado production

3

Productivity enhancement

Improved productivity

There has been a positive change in farm productivity following the adoption of avocado production for export market

Reduced production loss

There has been a positive change in production losses due to improved avocado farming systems

4

Diversification of income

Increased net income

There has been a positive change in the net income following the engagement in avocado production for export market

Diversified income

Sources of income have diversified more as a result of engagement in avocado production for the export market

Employment

There has been a positive change in the number of people employed or self-employed in both farm and non-farm sectors

Strengthened entrepreneurship

There has been a positive change in smallholder farmers’ entrepreneurship capacity

5

Gaining and applying new knowledge and skills

Gaining new knowledge and skills

The number of people equipped with new knowledge and skills that were introduced by avocado exporting companies has increased

Applying new knowledge and skills

The number of people applying new knowledge and skills introduced by avocado exporting companies has increased